Freckling of superalloy ingots. Freckles are defects that sometimes form during the solidification of alloy ingots. A freckle index has been developed to measure the level of freckling on the ingot. A team of engineers conducted several experiments to measure the freckle index of a certain type of superalloy (Journal of Metallurgy, Sept. 2004). The data for n = 18 alloy tests are shown in the table and saved in the FRECKLE file.
12.6 | 22.0 | 4.1 | 16.4 | 1.4 | 2.4 |
16.8 | 10.0 | 3.2 | 30.1 | 6.8 | 14.6 |
2.5 | 12.0 | 33.4 | 22.2 | 8.1 | 15.1 |
Based on Yang, W. H. “A freckle criterion for the solidification of superalloys with a tilted solidification front.” JOM: Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Vol. 56, No. 9, Sept. 2004.
a. Construct a box plot for the data and use it to find any outliers.
b. Find and interpret the z -scores associated with the alloys you identified in part a.
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