Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
• (a) Find the ground-state configurations of nickel and copper from the periodic table inside the back cover. (b) Draw energy-level diagrams, similar to those in Fig. 10.7, to illustrate these two ground states. (Note: In Fig. 10.9 we showed the 4s level below 3d since it fills first. Nevertheless, 4s and 3d are very close together; as Z increases, the 3d level becomes almost exactly degenerate with 4s, and 4s can lose one electron to 3d — as happens in copper.)
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