Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
•• The degeneracies of the levels in hydrogen are 2, 8, 18, 32, ⋯. The numbers of electrons in successive shells of multielectron atoms are 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, ⋯. Given the groupings of levels into shells shown in Fig. 10.9, explain the similarities and differences between these two sets of numbers.
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