The iron and manganese removal process for the well supply of a small community is mechanical aeration, the addition of potassium permanganate followed by detention in a contact tank, pressure filtration, and post chlorination. The construction specifications called for manganese-treated greensand; however, the actual filter medium provided was plain sand. Customers often complained that the treated water caused staining of bathroom fixtures and laundry. The common response of the plant operator was to increase the chemical dosage, which did not seem to improve the situation. The operator even tried pre chlorination of the water in combination with potassium permanganate addition, but that appeared to increase the staining characteristics of the treated water. Discuss the most probable cause of the poor-quality finished water and your recommendations for improvement.
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