Give explanations for the following observations.
(a) pKn values for CF3CO2H and CH3CO2H are 0.23 and 4.75, respectively.
(b) The dipole moment of a gas phase NH3 molecule is 1.47 D, but that of NF3 is 0.24 D.
(c) In electrophilic substitution reactions in monosubstituted aryl compounds C61T4X, X — Me is activating and ortho- and /wra-directing, whereas X = CF3 is deactivating and meta- directing.
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