A chip contains 100 11-stage ring oscillators. Each inverter has an average delay of 10 ps with a standard deviation of 1 ps, so the average ring oscillator runs at 4.54 GHz. The operating frequency of the chip is defined to be the slowest frequency of any of the oscillators on the chip.
(a) Find the expected operating frequency of a chip.
(b) Find the maximum target operating frequency to achieve 97.7% parametric yield.
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