Tensile PropertiesFor the titanium alloy whose stress–strain behaviour can be observed in...

Material/Condition

Yield Strength(MPa [ksi])

Tensile Strength(MPa [ksi])

Percent Elongation

METALS AND METAL ALLOYS

Plain Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Steel alloy A36

·         Hot-rolled

220–250 (32–36)

400–500 (58–72.5)

23

Steel alloy 1020

·         Hot-rolled

210 (30) (min)

380 (55) (min)

25 (min)

·         Cold-drawn

350 (51) (min)

420 (61) (min)

15 (min)

·         Annealed (@ 870°C)

295 (42.8)

395 (57.3)

36.5

·         Normalized (@ 925°C)

345 (50.3)

440 (64)

38.5

Steel alloy 1040

·         Hot-rolled

290 (42) (min)

520 (76) (min)

18 (min)

·         Cold-drawn

490 (71) (min)

590 (85) (min)

12 (min)

·         Annealed (@ 785°C)

355 (51.3)

520 (75.3)

30.2

·         Normalized (@ 900°C)

375 (54.3)

590 (85)

28.0

Steel alloy 4140

·         Annealed (@ 815°C)

417 (60.5)

655 (95)

25.7

·         Normalized (@ 870°C)

655 (95)

1020 (148)

17.7

·         Oil-quenched and tempered (@ 315°C)

1570 (228)

1720 (250)

11.5

Steel alloy 4340

·         Annealed (@ 810°C)

472 (68.5)

745 (108)

22

·         Normalized (@ 870°C)

862 (125)

1280 (185.5)

12.2

·         Oil-quenched and tempered (@ 315°C)

1620 (235)

1760 (255)

12

Stainless Steels

Stainless alloy 304

·         Hot-finished and annealed

205 (30) (min)

515 (75) (min)

40 (min)

·         Cold-worked (¼ hard)

515 (75) (min)

860 (125) (min)

10 (min)

Stainless alloy 316

·         Hot-finished and annealed

205 (30) (min)

515 (75) (min)

40 (min)

·         Cold-drawn and annealed

310 (45)(min)

620 (90) (min)

30 (min)

Stainless alloy 405

·         Annealed

170 (25)

415 (60)

20

Stainless alloy 440A

·         Annealed

415 (60)

725 (105)

20

·         Tempered (@ 315°C)

1650(240)

1790 (260)

5

Stainless alloy 17-4PH

·         Annealed

760(110)

1030(150)

8

·         Precipitation-hardened (@ 482°C)

1172 (170)

1310(190)

10

Cast Irons

·         Grade G1800 (as cast)

_

124 (18) (min)

_

·         Grade G3000 (as cast)

—

207 (30) (min)

—

·         Grade G4000 (as cast)

—

276 (40) (min)

—

Ductile irons

·         Grade 60-40-18 (annealed)

276 (40) (min)

414 (60) (min)

18 (min)

·         Grade 80-55-06 (as cast)

379 (55) (min)

552 (80) (min)

6 (min)

·         Grade 120-90-02 (oil-quenched and tempered)

621 (90) (min)

827 (120) (min)

2 (min)

Aluminium Alloys

Alloy 1100

·         Annealed (O temper)

34 (5)

90(13)

40

·         Strain-hardened (H14 temper)

117 (17)

124 (18)

15

Alloy 2024

·         Annealed (O temper)

75(11)

185 (27)

20

·         Heat-treated and aged (T3 temper)

345 (50)

485 (70)

18

·         Heat-treated and aged (T351 temper)

325 (47)

470 (68)

20

Alloy 6061

·         Annealed (O temper)

55 (8)

124 (18)

30

·         Heat-treated and aged (T6 and T651 tempers)

276 (40)

310(45)

17

Alloy 7075

·         Annealed (O temper)

103 (15)

228 (33)

17

·         Heat-treated and aged (T6 temper)

505 (73)

572 (83)

11

Alloy 356.0

·         As cast

124(18)

164(24)

6

·         Heat-treated and aged (T6 temper)

164(24)

228 (33)

3.5

Copper Alloys

C11000 (electrolytic tough pitch)

·         Hot-rolled

69 (10)

220 (32)

45

·         Cold-worked (H04 temper)

310 (45)

345 (50)

12

C17200 (beryllium–copper)

·         Solution heat-treated

195-380 (28-55)

415-540 (60-78)

35-60

·         Solution heat-treated and aged (@ 330°C)

965-1205 (140-175)

1140-1310(165-190)

4-10

C26000 (cartridge brass)

·         Annealed

75-150(11-22)

300-365 (43.5-53.0)

54-68

·         Cold-worked (H02 temper)

435 (63)

525 (76)

8

C36000 (free-cutting brass)

·         Annealed

125(18)

340 (49)

53

·         Cold-worked (H02 temper)

310 (45)

400 (58)

25

C71500 (copper–nickel, 30%)

·         Hot-rolled

140 (20)

380 (55)

45

·         Cold-worked (H80 temper)

545 (79)

580 (84)

3

C93200 (bearing bronze)

·         Sand cast

125(18)

240 (35)

20

Magnesium Alloys

Alloy AZ31B

·         Rolled

220 (32)

290 (42)

15

·         Extruded

200 (29)

262 (38)

15

Alloy AZ91D

·         As cast

97-150(14-22)

165-230 (24-33)

3

Titanium Alloys

Commercially pure (ASTM grade 1)

·         Annealed

170 (25) (min)

240 (35) (min)

24

Alloy Ti–5Al–2.5Sn

·         Annealed

760(110) (min)

790(115) (min)

16

Alloy Ti–6Al–4V

·         Annealed

830(120) (min)

900 (130) (min)

14

·          Solution heat-treated and aged

1103(160)

1172(170)

10

Precious Metals

Gold (commercially pure)

·         Annealed

nil

130(19)

45

·         Cold-worked (60% reduction)

205 (30)

220 (32)

4

Platinum (commercially pure)

·         Annealed

π13.8 (2)

125-165 (18-24)

30-40

·         Cold-worked (50%)

—

205-240 (30-35)

1-3

Silver (commercially pure)

·         Annealed

—

170 (24.6)

44

·         Cold-worked (50%)

—

296 (43)

3.5

Refractory Metals

·         Molybdenum (commercially pure)

500 (72.5)

630 (91)

25

·         Tantalum (commercially pure)

165 (24)

205(30)

40

·         Tungsten (commercially pure)

760 (110)

960(139)

2

Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys

·         Nickel 200 (annealed)

148(21.5)

462(67)

47

·         Inconcl 625 (annealed)

517 (75)

930(135)

42.5

·         Monel 400 (annealed)

240 (35)

550(80)

40

·         Haynes alloy 25

445(65)

970(141)

62

·         Invar (annealed)

276(40)

517 (75)

30

·         Super invar (annealed)

276(40)

483(70)

30

·         Kovar (annealed)

276(40)

517 (75)

30

·         Chemical lead

6-8(0.9-12)

16-19 (23-2.7)

30-60

·         Antimonial lead (6%) (chill cast)

—

47.2 (6.8)

24

·         Tin (commercially pure)

11(1.6)

—

57

·         Lcad-tin solder (60Sn-40Pb)

—

52.5 (7.6)

30-60

Zinc (commercially pure)

·         Hot-rolled (anisotropic)

—

134-159 (19.4-23.0)

50–65

·         Cold-rolled (anisotropic)

—

145-186(21-27)

40–50

Zirconium, reactor grade 702

·         Cold-worked and annealed

207 (30) (min)

379 (55) (min)

16 (min)

GRAPHITE, CERAMICS, AND SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALSa

Aluminum oxide

·         99.9% pure

—

282–551 (41–80)

—

·         96% pure

—

358 (52)

—

·         90% pure

—

337 (49)

—

Concreteb

—

37.3–41.3 (5.4–6.0)

—

Diamond

·         Natural

—

1050 (152)

—

·         Synthetic

—

800–1400 (116–203

—

Gallium arsenide

·         {100} orientation, polished surface

—

66 (9.6)c

—

·         {100} orientation, as-cut surface

—

57 (8.3)c

—

Glass, borosilicate (Pyrex)

—

69 (10)

—

Glass, soda–lime

—

69 (10)

—

Glass-ceramic (Pyroceram)

—

123–370 (18–54)

—

Graphite

·         Extruded (with the grain direction)

—

13.8–34.5 (2.0–5.0

—

·         Isostatically molded

—

31–69 (4.5–10)

—

Silica, fused

—

104 (15)

—

Silicon

·         {100} orientation, as-cut surface

—

130 (18.9)

—

·         {100} orientation, laser scribed

—

81.8 (11.9)

—

Silicon carbide

·         Hot-pressed

—

230–825 (33–120)

—

·         Sintered

—

96–520 (14–75)

—

Silicon nitride

·         Hot-pressed

—

700–1000 (100–150)

—

·         Reaction-bonded

—

250–345 (36–5

—

·         Sintered

—

414–650 (60–94)

—

Zirconia, 3 mol% Y2O3 (sintered)

—

800–1500 (116–218)

—

POLYMERS

Elastomers

·         Butadiene–acrylonitrile (nitrile)

—

6.9–24.1 (1.0–3.5)

400–600

·         Styrene–butadiene (SBR)

—

12.4–20.7 (1.8–3.0)

450–500

·         Silicone

—

10.3 (1.5)

100–800

Epoxy

—

27.6–90.0 (4.0–13)

3–6

Nylon 6,6

·         Dry, as molded

55.1–82.8 (8–12)

94.5 (13.7)

15–80

·         50% relative humidity

44.8–58.6 (6.5–8.5)

75.9 (11)

150–300

Phenolic

—

34.5–62.1 (5.0–9.0)

50–300

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)

56.6–60.0 (8.2–8.7)

56.6–60.0 (8.2–8.7)

110–150

Polycarbonate (PC)

62.1 (9)

62.8—72.4 (9.1-10.5)

110-150

Polyester (thermoset)

—

41.4-89.7 (6.0-13.0)

π2.6

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

91 (13.2)

70.3—103 (10.2—15.0)

30-150

Polyethylene

·         Low density (LDPE)

9.0—14.5 (1.3—2.1)

8.3—31.4(1.2-4.55)

100-650

·         High density (HDPE)

26.2—33.1 (3.8—4.8)

22.1—31.0 (3.2—4.5)

10-1200

·         Ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMWPE)

21.4—27.6 (3.1—4.0)

38.6—48.3 (5.6—7.0)

350-525

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

59.3 (8.6)

48.3—72.4 (7.0—10.5)

30—300

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

53.8—73.1 (7.8—10.6)

48.3—72.4 (7.0—10.5)

2.0—5.5

Polypropylene (PP)

31.0—37.2 (4.5—5.4)

31.0—41.4 (4.5—6.0)

100—6(X)

Polystyrene (PS)

25.0—69.0 (3.63—10.0)

35.9—51.7 (5.2-7.S)

1.2—2.5

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

13.8—15.2 (2.0—2.2)

20.7—34.5 (3.0—5.0)

200—4(X)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

40.7—44.8 (5.9—6.5)

40.7—51.7 (5.9—7.S)

40—80

FIBER MATERIALS

Aramid (Kevlar 49)

—

3600-41(X) (525—6(M))

2.8

Carbon

·         Standard modulus (longitudinal) (PAN precursor)

—

3800-42(X) (550-610)

2

·         Intermediate modulus (longitudinal) (PAN precursor)

—

4650-6350 (675-920)

1.8

·         High modulus (longitudinal) (PAN precursor)

—

2500-4500 (360-650)

0.6

·         Ultra-high modulus (longitudinal) (pitch precursor)

—

2620-3630 (380-526)

0.30-0.66

E-glass

—

3450 (500)

4.3

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Aramid fibers–epoxy matrix (aligned, Vf = 0.6)

·         Longitudinal direction

—

1380 (200)

·         Transverse direction

—

30 (4.3)

High-modulus carbon fibers–epoxy matrix (aligned, Vf = 0.6)

·         Longitudinal direction

—

760 (110)

0.3

·         Transverse direction

—

28 (4)

0.4

E-glass fibers–epoxy matrix (aligned, Vf = 0.6)

·         Longitudinal direction

—

1020 (150)

—

·         Transverse direction

—

40 (5.8)

—

Wood

·         Douglas fir (12% moisture)

Parallel to grain

—

108 (15.6)

—

Perpendicular to grain

—

2.4 (0.35)

—

·         Red oak (12% moisture)

Parallel to grain

—

112 (16.3)

—

Perpendicular to grain

—

7.2 (1.05)

—