Step-by-Step Solution
Acetylcholine is a chemical which acts as a neurotransmitter and functions in the brain. It is a combination of acetic acid and choline joined together by an ester linkage. This chemical is released at neuromuscular junction at the time of synapse. The ester bond connecting acetyl group and choline is responsible for the physical and chemical properties. The water solubility is also due to presence of ester bond
Acetylcholineesterase is the enzyme which hydrolyzes acetylcholine. Compounds having ester bond are easily hydrolyzed with water. When ester bond is hydrolyzed with water the bond between O atom and C chain breaks. Thus, the products of hydrolysis are choline and acetic acid. This rapid hydrolysis occurs because acetylcholine consists of an ester bond which is very vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Figure: Hydrolysis of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
As ester group is very susceptible to acid and enzyme catalysed hydrolysis, therefore methacholine is used which contains a methyl group which protects the ester bond from incoming nucleophiles. It acts as a shield to ester bond. Methacholine is a metabolically susceptible group which interacts with the hydrophobic site of the binding place.
In comparison with acetylcholine, methacholine consists of an extra methyl and ammonium group. It has a charged amine structure thus, cannot cross the blood brain barrier in the central nervous system. It provides stability to the acetylcholine and does not allow getting it hydrolyzed.
Figure: Structure of Methacholine
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