Question

7. Discuss the effects of hormones on bone development, and wexplain the homeostatic mechanisms involved "Calcium metabolism, Vitamin D synthesis, bone remodeling" 8. List and describe the major bones of the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton. 9. List, describe and provide functions of the Fontanelles. 10. Compare and contrast the cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae. 11. Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common accessory structure and their functions 12. List all of the different types of synovial joints, provide a function, and location for each type. 13. Explain arthritis, and describe its effects on joint structure and function 14. Explain osteoporosis and describe this condition's causes and risk factors

Answer 1

7) Hormones are chemicals made by glands that travel through out the body and have many effects on growth, maturation, energy and weight. Hormone regulate blood calcium . It is produced by the thyroid gland but does not play an important role in blood calcium regulation. To increase release of calcium from bone to blood ( increase osteoclast activity, where they resorb bone matrix )

8)The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the vertebral column, skull and the thorasic cage, formed by the ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs.

9) Fontanelles are the soft part between the infant's cranial bones made of cartilage that grow together as the brain grows and binds together with joints. The Fontanelles serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during infancy.

10) Vertebrae have a back bone or spinal column have an internal skeleton made of bone, an advanced nervous system with a developed brain and have outer covering of protective cellular skin. Intervertebrates have no back bone, no cell walls. They are heterotrophic.

11) The bones of synovial joints are covered by a layer of hyalin cartilage that lines the epiphysis of joint ends of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together. This articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement.

13) Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

14) A condition in which bones become weak and brittle. The body constantly absorbs and replaces the bone tissue. With osteoporosis new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal.