Discuss various principles identified in the medical code of ethics
Ans) Bioethicists often refer to the four basic principles of health care ethics when evaluating the merits and difficulties of medical procedures.
- Ideally, for a medical practice to be considered "ethical", it must respect all four of these principles: autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. The use of reproductive technology raises questions in each of these areas.
• Autonomy:
- Requires that the patient have autonomy of thought, intention,
and action when making decisions regarding health care procedures.
Therefore, the decision-making process must be free of coercion or
coaxing. In order for a patient to make a fully informed decision,
she/he must understand all risks and benefits of the procedure and
the likelihood of success. Because ARTs are highly technical and
may involve high emotions, it is difficult to expect patients to be
operating under fully-informed consent.
• Justice:
- The idea that the burdens and benefits of new or experimental
treatments must be distributed equally among all groups in society.
Requires that procedures uphold the spirit of existing laws and are
fair to all players involved. The health care provider must
consider four main areas when evaluating justice: fair distribution
of scarce resources, competing needs, rights and obligations, and
potential conflicts with established legislation. Reproductive
technologies create ethical dilemmas because treatment is not
equally available to all people.
• Beneficence:
- Requires that the procedure be provided with the intent of
doing good for the patient involved. Demands that health care
providers develop and maintain skills and knowledge, continually
update training, consider individual circumstances of all patients,
and strive for net benefit.
• Non-maleficence:
- Requires that a procedure does not harm the patient involved or others in society. Infertility specialists operate under the assumption that they are doing no harm or at least minimizing harm by pursuing the greater good. However, because assistive reproductive technologies have limited success rates uncertain overall outcomes, the emotional state of the patient may be impacted negatively. In some cases, it is difficult for doctors to successfully apply the do no harm principle.
What are the seven principles of health care ethics? Are those principles easily identified in the Code of Ethics discussed in Chapter 1, identify the code and state how?
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discuss various codes of ethics in nursing
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