Question

1. (12 points) Using a scalpel, a surgeon made her initial incision starting just inferior to the cervical region of the ventral surface of the body in the mid sagittal plane. The initial incision was 30.5 dm long in a left lateral direction she then moved just short of the mid-frontal plane where she made a second 4 cm incision in a medial direction. She then continued in a caudal direction where she made a third 120 mm incision. Please re-write the above paragraph using lay terms for each underlined word or phrase. What is the average length (in cms) of the described incisions? Make sure you show how you arrived at your answer. 2. (12 points) A 15 year old boy is seen in the emergency room (ER) with a chief complaint of right side "back pain." The nurse on duty asked questions and was unable to relate the pain to any type of physical trauma or accident. The ER physician performed an examination. She was able to reproduce the boy's pain by pushing with her fingers at certain areas of the back. The physician decided to run some tests." She ordered a urinalysis which found several proteins in the boy's urine that should not have been there. Based upon this finding the physician suspected that the boy may be suffering from some type of kidney disorder. She admitted the boy and ordered a procedure that took a very tiny piece of the kidney and examined it under the microscope. This procedure is known as a biopsy. Once reviewing the groups of cells from the biopsy, the physician determined that the boy was indeed suffering from a kidney infection and prescribed a medication to help solve the problem. Each underlined portion of the above paragraph represents either a branch of anatomy or a hierarchical level of organization of the human body. Please identify and describe the branch or level of organization for each underlined portion. 3. (10 points) The human body relies upon chemical energy to fuel all physiological reactions, whether the contraction of muscles, active transport of substances across the plasma membrane, or the activation of nervous activity, chemical energy is somehow used as a mediating force. Given your understanding of a specific characteristic of life, please discuss the general source of this chemical energy. 4. (12 points) The principle of complementarity states that structure denotes function. Said another way, it states that the anatomy of something reflects and greatly influences its function and vice-versa. We may be able to apply this principle right down to the molecular level. Water is crucial to sustaining life. There are at least four physical characteristics of water that can be directly attributed to its anatomical structure and in turn influence its function in the human body. Please discuss the critical roles water plays in the human body and how these functions are related to its molecular structure. 5. (12 points) A physician performed a tissue biopsy which gathered and isolated several thousand cells. The cells were placed in a solution with a high concentration of non-permeable solutes as compared to the intracellular environment. Please provide a complete definition of osmosis along with a discussion of how the cells may have been affected by their new environment.

Answer 1

1.The surgeon made an initial incision just below the neck towards the abdominal surface along the midline of the body measuring about 30.5cm along the left side .The second incision was made at the cross sectional level of the body to the midline of the body measuring about 4cm.The third incision was made towards the side of feet measuring about 120mm.