Question

1. Pick an endocrine disorder.

2. Discuss the following:

a. Pathophysiology

b. Signs & Symptoms

c. Diagnostics needed for confirmation

d. Treatment/Management

Answer 1

1.ENDOCRINE DISORDER :

The endocrine system is consist of a number of organs and glands that involved in the synthesis and secretion of hormone that effect our every system of body.

Hyperthyroidism is one type of endocrine disorder.

Hyperthyroidism is hyperactivity of thyroid gland with increases in synthesis and releases of thyroid hormone.

2. (a)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY :

3.SIGN AND SYMPTOMS :

Hupenthoidism is defined as hyperactivity of thyroid gland and increases and synthesis of thyroid houmene This action result hyper- metabolism systems Increases sympatherec neuwous system activity Excessive amount of thyroid holmene stimulate candeae system Taekry cardia, caredeac-output inereases repid depletêon and the resultant state of nutleite onal deficiency typeuthyroidism

1.Ophthalmopathy-

• Exophthalmos (Protrusion of the eyeballs)

2 . Cardiovascular system -

• Increased heart rate
• Rapid pulse
• Palpitation

3.Respiratory system :

• Increased respiratory rate
• Dyspnea

4.Gastrointestinal system :

• Increased appetite
• Weight loss
• splenomegaly

5.Integumentary system :

• Warm, smooth and moist skin
• Diaphoresis

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS :

• History and physical examination
• Ophthalmologic examination
• ECG
• TSH level
• Serum free T4
• Total serum T3 and T4

TREATMENT /MANAGEMENT :

1.Drug therapy -

• Antithyroid drugs (Methimazole, polythiouracil)
• Iodine
• Beta adrenergic receptors blocker (propranolol, atenolol)

2 . Radiation therapy -

• Radioactive iodine

3.Surgical therapy -

• Subtotal thyroidectomy

4.Nutritional therapy -

• High calorie, high protein diet
• Taking frequent meals