Question

1. What is the definition of nutrition?

2. What are the six classes of nutrients?

3. Provide an example of a nutrient from each of the six nutrient classes.

4. What are the three components of a healthy diet?

5. What is one tool that can be used to help ensure a healthy diet?

6. What is the role of water in the body?

7. Name two organs and one enzyme that are part of the digestive process.

8. What is the role of the two organs and the one enzyme that you identified in the digestive process?

Answer 1

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion.

The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the availability and palatability of foods. For humans, a healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of foodborne illnesses.

2- six classes of nutrition-

Water

By definition, your body needs macronutrients in large quantities. Water accounts for as much as 60 percent of the human body, according to physiologist Linda Costanzo. All nutrients transit through your blood, which mostly consists of water. Urine also primarily consists of water, which helps eliminate waste from your body. Other processes that rely on water include temperature regulation and digestion. Your specific needs vary with your level of physical activity or the humidity and temperature in your environment. However, for the average adult, the Merck Manual recommends a daily intake of 2.5 liters of water from beverages and foods.

Carbohydrates

With a recommended daily intake of 45 to 65 percent of calories, carbohydrates are the macronutrients the USDA considers the most important for energy. They're your body's main fuel source, especially for your brain, kidneys and muscles. Your body breaks carbs down to glucose, deriving 4 calories of energy from each gram. Your liver and muscles can store excess glucose for later use during spurts of activity. Simple carbohydrates include one and two-unit sugars, while larger molecules make up complex carbohydrates. Table sugar and honey are examples of simple carbohydrates. In contrast, starchy foods like potato and grains contain complex carbohydrates.

Protein

Your body needs proteins to grow normally, maintain or repair tissues, make hormones and enzymes, help your body fight disease and preserve your muscle mass. According to biochemist Pamela Champe, protein can also serve as an alternate fuel source, particularly during fasting. Each gram yields 4 calories of energy, and the USDA recommends a daily intake of 10 to 35 percent of calories from protein. Of the 20 amino acids that constitute the building blocks of protein, nine are essential. Animal sources, soy and quinoa contain all the essential amino acids you need, while most other plants do not. However, a carefully planned and varied vegetarian diet can provide all essential amino acids.

Fats

Your body needs some fat in order to grow and function normally. Fats specifically help with tissue growth, hormone production and vitamin absorption. They also maintain cell membranes, cushion your organs and provide 9 grams of calories per gram. Fats come as saturated, unsaturated or trans. Of all the fatty acids that serve as building blocks for fats, two are truly essential: omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids. The USDA recommends obtaining 20 to 35 percent of your daily calories from fats, primarily from the unsaturated type. Specifically, omega-3 and omega-6 should account for 10 percent of total fat, while you should keep saturated fat intake below 10 percent and avoid trans fats entirely.

Vitamins

Vitamins are micronutrients, meaning that your body only needs minute amounts. As Champe, remarks, many vitamins assist the enzymes that drive your metabolism. Vitamin C and the eight vitamins of the B-complex are all water-soluble, meaning that they dissolve in water. The vitamin B complex specifically includes biotin, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, B-2, B-1, B-6 and B-12. In contrast, vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble, meaning that your body needs fat to absorb them. For optimal health, you need to regularly obtain vitamins from your diet or through supplements.

Minerals

Minerals are inorganic or carbon-lacking substances that assist with life-sustaining processes in your body. Your body needs macro-minerals in relatively large amounts, while trace minerals are required in small amounts. Macro-minerals include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc belong to the essential trace minerals group. High levels of trace minerals can have toxic effects on your body. Water and all plants naturally contain varying amounts of minerals, since they primarily originate in the soil..

3- Carbohydrate- fruits, breads and grains, starchy vegetables and sugars.

Protien - low-fat meat, dairy, beans or eggs

Fat- Choose healthy options such as omega-3-rich foods like fish, walnuts and vegetable-based oils

Vitamin- include citrus fruits, strawberries and peppers.

Minirals- bananas, potatoes and tomatoes.milk, low-fat cheese and yogurt

3- components of healthy diet

Fiber

Fiber, often referred to as roughage, is a type of carbohydrate found in plant foods that the body is not able to digest or absorb. Eating a balanced diet that is high in fiber can keep your body systems regular and contribute to a lowered risk of chronic disease.

Fat--

Fat is an important part of a balanced diet. It contributes to around 25 percent to 35 percent of the daily caloric intake, however, the content of saturated fats should be kept to no more than 10 percent of the total fat intake. The healthiest fats come from mono saturated and polyunsaturated sources such as nuts, olive oil and fish. One can skip trans-fatty acids entirely

Minerals- Minerals are very important for the body and they need to be delivered through food since the body can't make them. Many minerals, such as calcium, potassium and iron are vital to the proper functioning of the body and must be taken in relatively large amounts. Other trace minerals like zinc, selenium and copper are only needed in small amounts to maintain good health.

Answer 5- There are many ways to achieve optimal health, usually involving diet and exercise. To maintain a healthy diet, it's crucial to understand the building blocks and approach healthy eating with a positive attitude.

A healthy and sustainable diet should include the following five food groups, which provide your body with the best balance of macro and micronutrients

1. Vegetables
2. Fruits
3. Grains
4. Milk and Milk Alternatives
5. Meats and Meat Alternatives

Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are the foundational building blocks of a healthy and balanced diet. Carbohydrates provide you with the energy needed to complete day-to-day activities and can be found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. Protein can help build and repair your muscles. Main sources of protein include milk and meats, as well as their alternatives. Those two food groups are also sources of healthy fats that not only provide a sustainable energy source, but also help absorb fat-soluble vitamins and regulate temperature

Answer 6- Our body is made up of approximately 60% water. Our brain is ~85% water, blood is ~80% water and approximately 70% of lean muscle mass is water. Water plays an important role in all of these major systems and without water, they don't function efficiently. Even a mere 2% reduction in body water can decrease performance, affect short-term memory, focus and increase fatigue.

Water is the main component of blood and essential for transportation of nutrients and removal of waste in the body. Blood delivers nutrients such as glucose, sodium, potassium and amino acids to our tissues for cell life and function. Blood also carries toxins and waste products away from our cells to our kidneys and liver for filtration and removal. The kidneys regulate how much water we excrete or conserve to maintain blood volume and concentration.  

Answer 7- Various organs are associated with the Digestion process or Human Digestive System...i will name two digestive orhans: Mouth, Oesophagus or Food Pipe,.
Enzyme- pepsin

Answer 8-

1. Mouth
Food is ingested to mouth. The Buccal cavity or mouth consists of teeth, tongue and salivary glands. With the help of teeth, physical digestion of food takes place which helps the food to cut into small pieces, chews and grind it. Further salivary glands present in the mouth helps in the chemical digestion of food with the help of enzymes. It contains enzymes known as salivary amylase which digest the starch present in food into sugar. We can say that the digestion of carbohydrate or starch begins in the mouth itself. But the digestion of food remains incomplete in the mouth.
2. Oesophagus or Food Pipe
The slightly digested food goes to stomach through the Food Pipe or Oesophagus. With the help of peristaltic movement food is pushed inside the stomach. The contraction and expansion of the movement of the walls of the food pipe after entering the slightly digested food is known as peristaltic movement.

Pepsin is the active protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach. Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecules together. Digestion of protein is completed in the small intestine by the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.