Question

BIOL 221 A&P Exam 3 Please read each question carefully and provide a detailed answer using complete sentences. You may r textbook and course resources All exams must be completed via computer- no hand written documents will be accepted. Save your completed exam using your last name (Exam3Moon.doc) and submit to drop box found within Blackboard under the Digestion tab Explain the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction. (4 points) 2. Identify the components of the alimentary canal.(6 points) Lbamopenregonabe c 3. Define oxidation and reduction. Provide an example of each. (4 points) studCem 1. 4. Identify the accessory digestive organs. (6 points) What process allows glucose to be utilized by a cell? (1 point) What hormone enhances the process you identified in question Identify the four layers found in the digestive tract. (4 points) Identify the three stages of deglutition. (3 points) Identify the four components of cellular respiration. (4 points) 5. 6. 5? (1 point) 7. 8. 9. 10. What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach? (4 points) 11. What enzymes are found in pancreatic fluid? (8 points) 12. What happens to pyruvic acid in anaerobic versus aerobic conditions? (4 points) 13. Identify three structural components that increase surface area in the Gl tract? (3 points) 14. Glycolysis involves how many reactions? (1 point) 15. How are monosaccharides absorbed? (2 points) 16. Where does the citric acid cycle take place? (1 point) 17. What is the ATP yield from cellular respiration? (2 points) 18. What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis? (3 points) 19. Identify four lipoproteins along with their function. (3 points) 20. How does the body utilize digested proteins? (2 points) 21. What are the three most important chemicals of metabolism? (3 points) 22. Identify the function of the chemicals you identified in question 21. (9 points)

Answer 1

Ans)1) Difference between anabolism and catabolism:

Anabolism: The buildup of complex organic molecules from simpler ones, reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic. They involve dehydration synthesis (release water) and are endergonic.

Catabolism: The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Reactions are called catabolic or degradative reactions, they are usually hydrolytic reaction and are exergonic.

2) A human digestive system which is also known as the alimentary canal is a muscular tube which extends from the mouth to the anus. The parts of the digestive system include – mouth, oral cavity, teeth, esophagus, pharynx,stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal

Mouth: Receives food, mastication

Oropharynx: Common passageway for air and food

Esophagus: Delivers food to the stomach via peristalsis

Stomachs: Receives, stores food, mixes food with digestive juices, digestion of proteins, small amount of absorption, propels food to the small intestine

Small Intestine: Absorption (villi)

Large Intestine: Stores bacteria, absorbs

Rectum: Stores stools

Anal Canal: Controls release of feces

3) Oxidation:

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

- Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased.
- The opposite process is called reduction.

Historical Definition of Oxidation Involving Oxygen....
- An older meaning of oxidation was when oxygen was added to a compound. This was because oxygen gas (O2) was the first known oxidizing agent.
- Oxidation and Reduction Occur Together (Redox Reactions)

Reduction:

- Reduction is the gain of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
- Reduction involves a decrease in oxidation state.
- Reduction occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases.
- The opposite process is called oxidation.

Historical Definition of Reduction
- An old, less-common definition of oxidation and reduction examines the reaction in terms of protons or hydrogen. Here, oxidation is loss of hydrogen, while reduction is the gain of hydrogen.
- Oxidation and Reduction occur together (Redox Reactions).

Common oxidising agents are oxygen O₂ and potassium permanganate KMnO₄.

Common reducing agents are hydrogen H₂, metals, sodium sulphite Na₂SO₃.

4)Accessory digestive organ: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract.

- The accessory digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.

Tongue:

- Manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing. It is of importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.

Salivary glands:

Saliva producing glands.

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

Teeth:

- Chews food

Pancreas:

- Producesdigestive enzymes that break down food. enzymes are secreted into the duodenum. alkaline fluid is introduced with enzymes and neutralizes acidic chyme.

Liver:

- Largest gland in the body. under the diaphragm on the right side. consists of four lobes and an abdominal wall. it is connected to the gall bladder.

Gallbladder:

- A sac found in the follow fossa of the liver. it stores bile from the liver. bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food. gall stones can cause blockages.