Question

define and explain healthy people 2020 and market and social justice

Answer 1

The goals of Healthy people 2020 are :

1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease and disability.
2. Achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities.
3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health.
4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviours

One of the healthy people 2020 goals is to increase the quality and years of life. The foundational health measures include general health status, health-related quality of life and well-being, determinants of health, and disparities.

Market justice views health care as an economic good delivered under free-market conditions. It assumes that markets are more efficient in allocating health resources equitably. The distribution of medical care services and access to them are determined by people's ability to pay. Social justice views health care as a social resource. It requires active government involvement in the delivery of health care under the assumption that the government is more efficient in allocating health resources equitably. Medical care is regarded as a basic right; all citizens have equal access to medical care, and the ability to pay is inconsequential. Health care delivery in the United States is characterized as a quasi- or imperfect market. Hence, we find elements of both market justice and social justice, but the principles of market justice prevail. In some areas, the principles of market justice and social justice complement each other. In other areas, the two are in conflict. The principles of market justice and social justice complement each other with private, employer-based health insurance for mainly middle-income Americans (market justice), and publicly financed Medicaid and Medicare coverage for certain disadvantaged groups and workers' compensation for those injured at work (social justice). The two principles collide, however, in regard to a large number of uninsured who cannot afford to purchase private health insurance and do not meet the eligibility criteria for Medicaid or Medicare. The two principles complement each other when private and government health insurance programs enable the covered populations to have access to health care services delivered by private practitioners and private institutions (market justice). Tax-supported county hospitals or city hospitals in large cities, public health clinics, and community health centres can be accessed by the uninsured in areas where such services are available (social justice). The conflict between the two principles of justice arises in smaller cities and towns and largely rural.

In the market justice system, health care services are rationed through prices and the ability to pay. The uninsured and those who lack sufficient income to pay privately cannot obtain the quantity and type of health care services when they want them. This is referred to as "rationing by the ability to pay," demand-side rationing, or price-rationing. Under social justice, the government makes deliberate attempts, often referred to as "health planning," to limit the supply of health care services, particularly those beyond the basic level of care. For example, how technology should be dispersed and who should be allowed access to certain types of high-tech services are based on government planning. This is referred to as planned rationing, supply-side rationing, or non-price rationing.