Question

please answer these question

5. How is the elm bark beetle associated with the spread of Dutch elm disease (DED)? 6. What activities must be included in a successful DED control plan? 7. Describe another fungal pathogen of trees and name its host plants. 8. How could C.purpurea so easily get into the food supply during medieval times? 9. What are the known alkaloids present in ergot & their associated symptoms in animals? 10. What evidence exists that may link ergot to witch trials?

Answer 1

5) Dutch elm disease is caused by a member of sac fungi affecting elm trees and is spread by elm bark beetles. This beetles spread the fungus while feeding. The fungus can spread from tree to tree through root grafts.

6) Mechanical prevention - first attempt by pruning trees to remove and burn diseased timber.

Chemical prevention- initially insecticide like DDT, dieldrin were used.But later stopped due to threat posed by it.Later on fungicide like lignasan BLP, architect, Alamo were used. Later on pheromones produced by female beetle were synthetically produce to trap male beetles which carry fungus.

Also biological vaccines were used to control disease.Prevntive fungicide also used.

7) Cerotelium fungi on Fig plant

Acrosporium species on neem tree

Beefsteak fungus on oak tree

Cinnabar polypore on oak

8)Claviceps purpurea or ergot fungus grow in rye and related plants and produce alkaloids which spread to humans which consume grains contaminated with it.

9) alkaloid ergotamine , alkaloid dihydroergotamine

Egotism affect farm animals. Symptoms are increased body temperature, pulse and respiration, swelling and tenderness of wedlock joint,lameness, sensation is lost on affected part and claw may be sloughed, skin may be necrotic , intestinal inflammation ,poor weight gain, appetite affected, ulcerated mouth.