Question

Complete the comparison tables on urinary disorders and bowel disorders.

Comparison of Bowel Elimination Disorders:

	Diarrhea	Bowel Obstruction	Hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interventions

Comparison of Urinary Elimination Disorders:

	Stress Incontinence	Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy	Pyelonephritis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interventions

Answer 1

Comparison of bowel elimination disorders

	Diarrhoea	Bowel obstruction	Hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology	*Diarrhoea caused by conditions like metabolic and endocrine disorders,bacterial and viral infections and nutritional and malabsorptive disorders. *This disorders result in increased frequency of bowel movements(more then 3 times a day) and increased amount and altered consistency of stool(liquid stool).	*Blockage of bowel due to various diseases result in accumulation of food,fluid and gas proximal to the area of obstruction. *Leads to severe distension,perforation of bowel and dehydration. *If the blood suppply is cut off strangulations and necrosis will occur.	Vascular structures in the anal region become swollen and infammed due to excess pressure in the veins result in dilation of veins. Leads to severe pain when defecating and obstructions during bowel elimination.
Etiology	Paralytic ileus Zolinger ellison syndrome Tube feeding formulas Bacterial and viral infections Malabsorption and nutritional disorders	Chrons disease. which causes intestinal wall become thick and narrowing of pathway. Various surgeries in the abdominal and pelvic area result in adhesion and obstruction.	Lack of exercise obesity Pelvic floor dysfunction Constipation and diarrrhoea.
Clinical manifestations	Abdominal cramps and distension Increased frequency and fluid content in stool. Painful spasmodic contraction of anus. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Dehydration.	Constipation Blood loss in the stool. Weakness,weight loss,anorexia. Abdominal distension and pain.	Anemia due to rectal bleeding Pain over the anal region. Difficulty in passing stool.
Interventions	Pharmacological therapy with the help of certain medications like     Antibiotics,Anti inflammatory agents and antidiarrhoeals( eg Loperamide,Diphenoxylate) Increased oral fluid intake and ORS solutions used to maintain fluid and electrolyte level. IV rehydration therapy for immediate rehydration. Encourage bed rest,liquids and food low in bulk untill acute period subsides.	Colonoscopy to decompress the bowel if the obstruction is in the colon. Correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance using IV fluids. Surgical resections of obstructed areas then anastamosis between rest of the areas after resection. Provide emotional support.	Hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical correction procedure to remove hemorrhoids. Increase of dietry fiber intake. use of anti inflammatory drugs and bed rest to reduce risk of infection. Sitz bath after surgey for easy healing. intake of oral fluids to maintain fluid volume. use of analgesics to reduce pain level.

Comparison of urinary elimination disorders

	Stress incontinence	Benign prostate hypertrophy	Pyelonephritis
Pathophysiology	Weakning of urethral sphincter due to underlaying causes(prostatectomy.overexercise.lifting heavy weights etc) it leads to unintensional loss of urine from the body.	Hyperplasia or enlargement of prostate gland due to aging or hormonal changes. Leads to obstructing the outflow of urine.	Bacterial infections in the renal pelvis and interstitial tissues of kidneys. Result in inflammatory changes in the renal system. Leads to renal dysfunction or failure.
Etiology	Physical activities like running,lifting heavy weights give high pressure over bladder. Muscles which regulate urinary sphincter become weaken. Sphincter lies directly below the prostate gland in men so prostate surgeries affect the functioning sphincter.	Hormonal changes in men above 40years. Prostate cancer prostatitis	E-coli infections in the renal system. Obstructions in renal system due to stones or BPH result in infection.
Clinical manifestations	Urine leakage occurs when patient laugh,sneeze or doing some exercises.	Hesitancy in starting urination. increased frequency of urination. Fatigue,anorexia nausea,vomitting. Abdominal straining Pelvic discomfort.	Fever,chills. Low back pain,flank pain. nausea.vomitting. urinary urgency and painful urination.
Interventions	Avoid use of caffine containing beverages and smoking which will irritate bladder. Pelvic floor strngthening exercises to regain bladder capacity. Bladder training to modify voiding patterns. surgical correction of urethra (urethropexy)	Pharmacological management include use of alpha adrenergic blockers,antiandrogen agents(eg alfuzosin,finasteride). Surgical correction of prostate (Trans urethral resection of prostate). Minimally invasive procedures like placement of prostatic stents,TUNA(Trans urethral needle ablation)	Antibiotic theraphy for treating bacterial infections. Oral and parentral fluids used to avoid urinary tract infection and maintain kidney function.