Question

5. What is the relationship of theory to professional nursing practice? 6. Focus of Nightingales philosophy is what? 7. Nightingale's 13 canons and major concepts (remember that the physical environment is stressed) Know basics of general systems theory, social cognitive theory, and the stress and coping theory. 8.

Answer 1

5. Theory generates the research question, increases knowledge, guides research and improves practice. Theory makes nursing practice effective and efficient by enhancing the application of knowledge, skills and  Improving art of patient care. Clinical practice of nurses generates the research problem or question and seeking answer to this question generates knowledge . This knowledge or research findings help to develop protocol and that protocol is then followed in daily nursing practice. Therefore improving the nursing profession making it more efficient and reliable.

6. Environment was the main focus of Nightingale's philosophy.

7. Nightingale's 13 canons and concepts included

1. Ventilation and warming: It means that nurses should keep the air that surround the patients as pure as external air without chilling the patients.
2. Health of house. it includes pure air, pure water and proper drainage system of houses.
3. Petty management: Nurse should know what to do and how to do. All the good services of nurses can be negated by just one defect.
4. Noise: unnecessary noise may annoy the patient. Loud noise can unexpectedly wakeup the pateint any make them over excited or irritated.
5. Variety: patient should not be confined to one room for longer period of time
6. Food intake: Nurse should be aware of the amount of food the patient takes or should take.
7. Type of food: What type of food patient should eat.
8. Bed and bedding: bed should be comfortable and bedding should be clean
9. Light: room should have proper lighting system. Sunlight has purifying effect on the room of the air.
10. Cleanliness of room and walls
11. Personal cleanliness of nurses
12. Chattering hopes and advice
13. Observation of the sick.

8. General system theory: General system theory was given by Ludwig von Bertalanffy. It states that there exist models, principles and laws that apply or explain all the systems in the field of science irrespective of their kind nature and relation between them.

Social cognitive theory: Developed by Albert Bandura, this theory states that behavior of people are influenced by social interaction, observation, education and communication. It means that people learn from one another through imitation, observation or modelling. By observing others people develop ideas , later these ideas guide the behavior and action of individual. This theory encompasses attention, memory and motivation of the observer.

Stress and coping theory: It was developed by Richard Lazarus. This theory states that stress is a product of transaction between person and his environment. It includes the factors present in the environment that cause stress and response of an person to this stress.

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