Question

1. Briefly explain the liberal school of thought in global politics, and its contemporary significance. Distinguish it from realism.

Answer 1

Liberalism is a defining characteristic of modern democracy, demonstrated by the use of the word ' liberal democracy' as a way to describe countries with free and fair elections, the rule of law and secured civil liberties. Nevertheless, liberalism has developed into a distinct body of its own, as debated within the realm of IR theory. Liberalism incorporates a number of ideas and statements regarding how the violent control of states is found in structures, attitudes, and economic relations. It brings more considerations to our field of view as compared to realism–particularly consideration of people and international organisations.

We still live in an international environment established after the Second World War (1939–1945), dominated by the liberal world order. The world order's international structures, organisations, and principles (expected behaviors) are founded on the same foundations as domestic liberal institutions and norms; the ability to curb the violent power of states. But influence globally is more fragmented and distributed than it is within states. For example, wars of aggression are forbidden under international law. There is no international police force to enforce this rule, but an aggressor knows it faces substantial international retaliation when violating this rule.

Liberal principles encourage international cooperation, freedom, equality and the rule of law. If a state takes measures that go against these principles, they are subject to various forms of costs. However, because of the large variety in values across the world, universal standards are frequently disputed. There are nevertheless consequences of breaking liberal norms. The costs can be immediate and clear

Economic institutions are particularly successful in promoting collaboration, given the significant benefits that economic interdependence can bring. Lastly, liberal norms impose more constraints on the use of force by influencing our perception of what kinds of behaviour. Today, it is clear that liberalism is not a' utopian' ideology depicting as once accused of being a fantasy world of peace and prosperity. It offers a clear, evidence-based rejoinder to realism and a strong theoretical tradition.

Liberalism firmly believes in focusing on mutual benefits. This concept is supported by the belief in strong international institutions not only providing the states with resources for dispute resolution but also building a dynamic international interdependence that establishes a strong global connection and thus ensures world peace. Since liberals put such emphasis on international bodies, the state's positions may be seen as less as opposed to the views of the realists.

Although realists agree that the path to peace will be made through the balance of power and the readiness and strength of the military, liberals have an entirely opposite view. The amount of power and military influence the state retains won't bring stability to the world or state. Alternatively, the liberals advocate peace through democratization, in which people are granted individual rights and the right to have a say in the acts of the state; and through creating international law that would be implemented by international institutions and organizations