Question

1. dicuss otitis media. Include causes, treatment, and possible complications. Why do many young children have frequent issues with otitis media?

2.Discuss rhinitis, highlighting differences between bacterial and viral. Include symptoms and treatment.

3.Discuss care of the post-larngectomy client. What should be monitored for, what nursing interventions are indicated?

Answer 1

Otitis media is inflammation located in the middle ear. Otitis media can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat, or respiratory infection.

What causes otitis media?

Middle ear infections are usually a result of a malfunction of the eustachian tube, a canal that links the middle ear with the throat area. The eustachian tube helps to equalize the pressure between the outer ear and the middle ear. When this tube is not working properly, it prevents normal drainage of fluid from the middle ear, causing a build up of fluid behind the eardrum. When this fluid cannot drain, it allows for the growth of bacteria and viruses in the ear that can lead to acute otitis media. The following are some of the reasons that the eustachian tube may not work properly:

• A cold or allergy which can lead to swelling and congestion of the lining of the nose, throat, and eustachian tube (this swelling prevents the normal flow of fluids)

• A malformation of the Eustachian tube

following are the most common symptoms of otitis media. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

• Unusual irritability

• Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep

• Tugging or pulling at one or both ears

• Fever

• Fluid draining from ear(s)

• Loss of balance

• Hearing difficulties

• Ear pain

Treatment for otitis media

Specific treatment for otitis media will be determined by your child's physician based on the following:

• Your child's age, overall health, and medical history

• Extent of the condition

• Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

• Expectations for the course of the condition

• Your opinion or preference

Treatment may include:

• Antibiotic medication by mouth or ear drops

• Medication (for pain)

If fluid remains in the ear(s) for longer than three months, your child's physician may suggest that small tubes be placed in the ear(s). This surgical procedure, called myringotomy, involves making a small opening in the eardrum to drain the fluid and relieve the pressure from the middle ear. A small tube is placed in the opening of the eardrum to ventilate the middle ear and to prevent fluid from accumulating. The child's hearing is restored after the fluid is drained. The tubes usually fall out on their own after six to 12 months.

complication-

In addition to the symptoms of otitis media listed above, untreated otitis media can result in any/all of the following:

• Infection in other parts of the head

• Permanent hearing loss

• Problems with speech and language development