Question

1. Describe the four processes in the pharmacokinetic phase.

2. What factors influence each process? Include first-pass effect, protein binding, and free drug in your answer.

3. Describe the pharmacodynamics phase. Include onset, peak, duration, peak and trough levels. What nursing interventions are necessary when a patient takes a medication that must be monitored by peak & trough levels? Why?

4. Explain how the nursing process is used to safely give medications to patients.

Answer 1

1)a)absorption-the drug is moved from it administration location into blood

b)distribution-movement of the medicine to the interstitial space of tissues from the blood and then it goes to cells

c)metabolism-drug structure is altered due to enzymes

d)excretion-the body excretes the drug movement and its metabolites.

2)fat solubility,water soluble degree of dissociation, and weight of molecular are the components effect in each pharmacokinetic phase

in first pass effect concentration of drug get decreased due to drug metabolism.it happens before drug reaches to the systemic circulation.eg.diazepam,pethidine

protein binding means the degree of medication which are attached to proteins in human blood.this efficacy can be varied according to the degrees to which it's connects

3)where the drug connect with receptor in the body,it produces therapeutic or toxic effect in the same place.this effect is called pharmacodynamics.

peak effect of this phase is 20 minutes while the duration is 1-.5-2 hours.

patients vital signs should be checked as it can cause tachycardia or hypertension.to avoid further complications monitor the patient continuously while taking such medication.assess for side effects and complications.tell the patient to report if any side effects occur.avoid medication errors.

4)there are some vital things should be checked before giving medication includes name of the patient,hospital is number,age,sex,doctors prescrtion order,name of drug,amount of drug,route of drug,time of drug,.these all present in nursing process.thus it is said that nursing process is used to give medication to the patient without occurrence of any errors.