Question

Children and adults both suffer from upper and lower respiratory diseases and disorders. Pick 3 respiratory diseases or disorders and explain their etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic measures needed, and treatment options. You may also want to include likely recovery prognosis should a patient be diagnosed with the disease or illness you selected (Ex: most patients make a full recovery without any lingering side effects). Your paper must be at least 1 page in length, 12-pt Times New Roman font with proper spelling, grammar, and formatting. Your paper must also include APA style in-text citations and references. Submit this assignment to the dropbox "LP07 Assignment: Respiratory Diseases and Disorders." You can navigate to this dropbox by clicking the “next” arrow at the top right of your screen. This assignment is worth 45 points and will be graded according to the scoring guide below.

please include reference

Answer 1

Pneumonia

It is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial organism.

Etiology

Normally, the airway distal to the larynx is sterile because of protective defense mechanisms. These mechanisms include the following filtration of air, warming, humidification of inspired air, epiglottis closure over the trachea, cough reflex, mucociliary escalator mechanisms, secretion of immunoglobulin A and alveolar macrophages.

Signs and symptoms

Patients with pneumonia usually have a sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, cough productive of purulent sputum and pleuritic chest pain. In the elderly or debilitated patient, confusion or stupor maybe the only finding. On physical examination signs of pulmonary consolidation, such as dullness to percussion, increased fremitus, bronchial breath sounds and crackles maybe found.

Diagnostic measure

The common diagnostic measures for pneumonia are

• History and physical examination.
• Chest x-ray.
• Gram stain of sputum.
• Sputum culture and sensitivity test.
• Pulse oximetry or ABGs
• Complete blood count, differential and routine blood chemistries
• Blood cultures.

Treatment optionsPrompt treatment with appropriate antibiotic most always cures bacterial and mycoplasma bacterium. In uncomplicated cases, the patient responds to drug therapy within 48 you 72 hours. Supportive measure may include using oxygen therapy to treat hypoxaemia, analgesic to relieve chest pain for patient comfort, and antipyretics such as aspirin or acetaminophen for significantly elevated temperature. During the acute febrile phase, the patients activity should be restricted and rest should be encouraged and planned. Currently there is no definitivev reatment for viral pneumonia.

Tuberculosis

It is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Etiology

M. Tuberculosis is a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that is usually spread from person to person via airbborne droplets. These droplets are produced when the infected individual with pulmonary or laryngeal TB coughs, sneezes, speaks or dings. Brief exposure to a few tubercle bacilli rarely causes an infection. Rather, YB is more commonly spread by repeated close contact with the infected person. TB is not highly infectious and transmission usually requires close, frequent or prolonged exposure.

Signs and symptoms

In the early stages of TB, the person is usually free of symptoms. People with LTBI have a positive skin test but are asymptomatic. Active TB disease may initially present with fatigue, malaise, anorexia, unexplained weight loss, low grade fevers and night sweats. A characteristic feature of pulmonary manifestation is a cough that becomes frequent and produce white, frothy sputum. Dyspnea is unusual. Hemoptysis is not a common finding and is usually associated with more advance cases.

Diagnostic tests

• TB skin test
• Chest x-ray
• Bacteriologic and other studies.

Collaborative care

Hospitalization for initial treatment of TB is generally not necessary. Most patients are treated on an outpatient basis. Many people can continue to work and maintain their lifestyle with few changes. Hospitalization maybe used for the severely ill or debilitated. The mainstay of TB treatment is drug therapy. Drug therapy is used to treat an individual with active disease and to prevent disease in a TB-infected person. Promoting and monitoring compliance is critical for treatment to be successful.

Lung abscess

Etiology-it us a pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that give rise to a cavity. The cavity is formed by necrosis of the lung tissue. In many cases the causes snd pathogenesis of lung abscess are similar to those of pneumonia. Most lung abscesses are caused by aspiration of material from the GI tract into the lungs.

Clinical manifestation

The onset of a lung abscess is usually insidious, especially if anaerobic organisms are the primary cause. A more acute onset occurs with aerobic organisms. The most common manifestation is cough-producing purulent sputum that is foul smelling and foul tasting. Hemoptysis is common, especially at the time that an abscess ruptures into a bronchus. Other common manifestation are fever, chills, prostration, pleuritic pain, dyspnea, cough, and weight loss.

Diagnostic studies

A chest x-ray may reveal a solitary cavitary lesion with fluid that is identified as an air-fluid level. CT scanning is very helpful if there is a question of cavitation not clearly seen on chest x-ray. Lung abscess, in contrast to other types of abscess, does not require assisted drainage, as long as there is drainage via the bronchus. Routine sputum cultured can be collected. However, contaminants can confuse the results, and it is difficult to isolate anaerobic bacteria. Plural fluid and blood cultures maybe obtained.

Treatment

Antibiotics given for a prolonged period are usually the primary method of treatment. Pencillin has historically been the drug if choice because of the frequent presence of anaerobic organism. Because of the need for for prolonged antibiotic therapy, the patient must be aware of the importance of continuing the medication for the prescribed period. The patients need to know about untoward sideffects that need to be reported to the health care provider.

Reference

Reguiero CR:The latest approaches to managing pneumonia, The Clinical Advisor 25,2004.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:National Center for Health Statistics, 2004.