Question

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Please help answer these question

1. Management of a patient with a C2 spinal cord injury

2. Chvostek's sign

3. Peripheral neuropathy signs and symptoms

4. Management of blood transfusion reactions

4. Lab values that assess renal function in SLE

5. Caring for a Client Who Has a Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube

6. In liver failure patients, limit dietary protein to decrease ammonia levels

7. What are JP Drains used for?

8. Foods high in iron

9. Neutropenic precautions

10. Components of an ekg wave

Answer 1

1. ANSWER

MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH C2 SPINAL CORD INJURY

C2 vertebra that is also called AXIS and is the most important vertebra of the spinal cord, it works with the C1 vertebra that is called ATLAS, These two vertebras are the most important vertebra as it helps in rotation of the neck with the help of C1 vertebra,

Injury to C2 vertebra is the serious injury as it may lead to paralysis to the whole body and may lead to death also,

symptoms are

paralysis, inability to take a breath without assistance such as a ventilator, numbness, restricted movement of the head and the neck, etc...

Management

The main aim of management is to reduce the symptoms and prevent spinal cord injury further,

such as

Drugs are administered such as anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce inflammation and to enhance the motor and sensory functioning of the affected areas.

Physiotherapy is provided to utilize the remaining body's functioning by strengthening it.

Surgeries are performed to reduce pressure at the spinal cord which is affected and also to reduce any further damage.

2. ANSWER

Chvostek's sign

it is the sign which can be seen in an individual with a low calcium level, chvosteks sign consists of twitching of muscles enervated by the facial nerve when the region that is about 2 cm anterior to the earlobe, just below the zygomatic arch, is tapped.

spasm of the facial muscle produced by sharply tapping over the facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear, suggestive of latent tetany in the patient with hypocalcemia.

3. ANSWER

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder affecting the peripheral motor and sensory nerves, peripheral nerves connect the brain and the spinal cord to all the organs of the body.

signs and symptoms

Muscle weakness that leads to difficulty in performing even a simple task such as buttoning shirt.

walking difficulty,

numbness,

paralysis of the affected area that may affect autonomic nerves that leads to sweating,

heat intolerance,

bowel, and the bladder problem,

fluctuation in blood pressure that leads to dizziness.

tingling sensation in the peripheral region such as hands and the feet.

uncoordinated gait. etc......

4. ANSWER

MANAGEMENT OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION

IT is the process of administering blood and blood products from one individual to another when needed, before administering blood it is thoroughly examined in the laboratory to avoid any possible hemolytic reaction.

if it occurs.......

1. STOP THE TRANSFUSION AS SOON AS NOTICED.

2. INFUSE NORMAL SALINE

3. SEND THE BLOOD BACK TO THE BLOOD BANK

4. ANTIDIURETICS MAY BE GIVEN TO INCREASE BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEY.

5. MAINTAIN URINE OUTPUT

6. CHECK FOR OTHER SYMPTOMS SUCH AS FEVER, RIGOR CHILLS, TACHYCARDIA, ANGINA, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE ETC, AND INFORM Physician immediately and manage accordingly.

5. ANSWER

LAB VALUES THAT ASSESS RENAL FUNCTIONING OF PATIENT WITH SLE

SLE is the result of disturbed immune regulation that causes an exaggerated production of antibodies. this immunoregulatory disturbance is brought by some combinations of genetic factors, hormonal factors, and environmental factor.

RENAL FUNCTION TEST FOR BLOOD UREA NITROGEN AND THE CREATININE TEST ARE USED TO ASSESS IN PATIENT WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS ( SLE)

1, CREATININE

CREATININE is the product that is excreted by the kidney at a constant rate, it is produced by contraction of muscles that lead to the breaking of creatinine, measurement of creatinine level can be estimated by the blood sample to the normal level as followed by the individual's age and the gender, high value of creatinine in the blood reveals elevated lupus involvement of kidney.

2. URINE TEST

blood and the urine(24 hours) both are checked to measure the functioning of the kidney and also to evaluate how the kidney is clearing small molecules such as creatinine.

3. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

GFR is used to measure the amount of blood that is filtered by the kidney per minute, and it is also an indicator of kidney damage.

4. BUN blood urea nitrogen

The liver that produces ammonia gets break down into the protein substituent that is into an amino acid, it travels from the liver to the kidney for filtration and later for excretion from the body in the form of nitrogenous waste, it gets elevated in the blood when kidney cannot filter and excrete the urea from the body and it is seen in conditions like SLE, blood from the individual is drawn and it is evaluated according to the age and the gender of the individual with the normal value.