Question

*PUT YOUR REFERENCE Public health practice was initially concerned with infectious and environmentally related diseases, but in recent years has evolved to focus more on injury prevention, substance abuse, violence, tobacco-related, and other chronic diseases. Present at least one pivotal legal and historical occurrence that resulted in this shift of public health effort.

Answer 1

Ans) Yes the focus has shifted where before the focus only on the epidemics of communicable diseases, infectious, environmental related diaease.

- Now this focus includes endemic communicable diseases that are constantly present in geographical area or community as well as a non transmissible persisting diseases in addition to the issues surrounding these diseases.

- The shift is termed as epidemiologic transition, because of the considerable advances and accomplishments in transmittable disease control and prevention.

- This is due to the rising trend of chronic diseases has resulted in an expansion of the traditional role of epidemiology and epidemiologic data use from disease intervention to attention toward disease prevention.

- For chronic disease, epidemiologic data is useful for preventive efforts such as population planning, public Health.

- Defining the most appropriate roles for public health in the prevention of violence is a challenge.

- Traditionally the domain of the criminal justice system, violence has only recently attracted a multi‐sectoral approach.

- Public health practitioners have a role in identifying and documenting the range of forms of violence that exists in communities, especially many of the hidden or “private” forms of violence, including child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse.

- Identifying the determinants of these patterns and establishing the scope for intervention is paramount.

- As more knowledge about violence and its causes emerges, public health must seek to intervene with new and creative solutions that increase policy makers' confidence in, and understanding of, violence as a preventable problem.

- This includes conducting well planned and evaluated interventions and requiring cost benefit analyses of initiatives.

- Projects such as the WHO's Economic dimensions of interpersonal violence3 deliver an important message to governments and community organisations about the impact of violence and the need to invest in prevention initiatives at a local, national and international level.