Question

List the major physical and mental changes that occur with aging. Which of these, if any, can you change? Discuss actions you can start taking now to ensure a healthier aging process.

Answer 1

The periodical changes that occur in the body with the passage of time is known as “aging.” Aging is a natural process, during which the body matures (moving from childhood to adulthood) or becomes old (moving from adulthood to old age).

The following are the age-related changes occurring at the microscope and whole-body levels:

1). As we become aged, we lose a considerable quantity of genome. Mutations in genes accumulate, which results in the synthesis of abnormal or inactive polypeptides. This is the major cause of loss of vitality for the cell with aging.

3). Due to the loss of the genome, the protein synthesis decreases, so the cellular activities decrease.

4). The production of anti-oxidant enzymes decrease the oxidative stress increases, which again can trigger gene mutations and decreased immune response.

5). The reproductive ability of the cells decreases. Certain cells such as nerve cells are lost because they cannot regenerate. This reduces the ability to regenerate tissues.

6). Deterioration of collagen and elastin fibers cause loss of stiffness of skin (results in wrinkles).

7). The blood supply and recycling of the epidermal layer decreases, which makes the skin dry, skin becomes more fragile due to the reduced blood supply.

8). The subcutaneous fat decreases, so the body temperature is also not appropriately regulated.

9). The hair follicles become less active (hair fall), and hair turns gray and thin due to the decreased production of melanin.

10). Older people are more susceptible to neurological disorders due to malnutrition, medications used for other disorders, depression, hypotension, etc.

11). Decreased bone density in females increases the risk of osteoporosis.

12). The risk of developing cancer increases with age due to decreased efficiency of repair mechanisms (eg: DNA methylation) during the cell divisions.

Mental changes that occur with age:

1). Reduced memory

2). Reduced learning capabilities

3). More likely to develop depression and anxiety

4). Confused thinking, and irritability

The following measures help to delay the process of aging and reduce aging symptoms:

1). Regular exercise helps to improve cardiovascular health and improve the muscle tone

2). Being socially active and engaging in mental activities slow down the process of brain degeneration and prevent age-related dementia

3). Taking foods rich in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) helps to avoid the age-related lethargy