Question

1) Compare and contrast communicable and noncommunicable diseases and give examples of each 2) Compare and contrast acute and chronic diseases and give examples of each 3) Describe the modes of communicable disease transmission and give examples of each. 4) Describe the Multicausation Model 5) Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give examples of each at both the individual and community levels

Answer 1

Ans) 1. Communicable diseases are the diseases which passes from one individual to another individual. They are generally caused by some bacteria, viruses or any other pathogens. For example, malaria, AIDS etc.

- Non-communicable diseases are the diseases which does not spread from one person to another person.Most are non-infectious, although there are some non-communicable infectious diseases, such as parasitic diseases in which the parasite's life cycle does not include direct host-to-host transmission.

2. Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack.

Eg. Typhoid, cold, cough

- A chronic condition, by contrast is a long-developing syndrome, such as osteoporosis or asthma. Note that osteoporosis, a chronic condition, may cause a broken bone, an acute condition.

Eg. Heart disease, kidney disease.

3. Modes of tramsmtransm of communicable disease:

a) By direct contact with an infected person i.e., hand shake, mouth-to-mouth kissing, sexual act, etc. e.g., contagious diseases like chickenpox, smallpox, measles, leprosy, ringworm, gonorrhea syphilis etc.

(b) Droplet infection (though coughing, sneezing and spitting of infected persons) e.g., pneumonia, diphtheria, influenza, tuberculosis, common cold, whooping cough, etc. These are more common in more crowded living conditions.

(c) Contact with soil, e.g., bacterial cysts of tetanus.

(d) Animal bites e.g., rabies viruses.

(e) Tran placental transmission.

The viruses of German measles and AIDS; and bacteria of syphilis can be transmitted from the maternal blood into foetal blood through placenta.

Indirect Transmission of Communicable Diseases:
When the pathogens can be transmitted from the reservoir of infection to a healthy person through some intermediate agents.

It occurs in following ways:

(a) Vector borne diseases e.g., malaria (female Anopheles Fig. 8.3), sleeping sickness (vector is tse fly), dengue (Aedes mosquito), cholera (housefly), etc.

(b) Vehicle borne. Pathogens of cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. are transmitted by agencies like conta­minated food, water etc. Such diseases are more common in areas without safe supplies of drinking water. AIDS is spread by blood or semen of suffering donors.

Female Anopheles Feeding on Human Blood

(c) Air borne e.g., influenza, epidemic typhus.

d) Formite borne – In this, the pathogens are spread through contaminated articles like handkerchiefs, towels, crockery, etc.

(e) Unclean hands e.g., Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides) and Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis).

Sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) are those diseases which spread by sexual contact from an infected person to another person e.g., bacterial diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea and viral diseases like AIDS.

4. Multicausation Disease Model- a model that explains the onset of disease caused by more than one factor

AN EXAMPLE OF THIS A CHAIN REACTION

Both the chain of infection and communicable disease models are helpful in trying to prevent disease caused by an infectious agent. The concept of 'caused by many factors' is often called the multi causation disease model.