Question

Construct two mind maps—one for chronic venous insufficiency and one for deep venous thrombosis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

Answer 1

1. Mind map of chronic venous insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency	Epidemiology Valve damage Reduced mobility Advanced age Extended standing or sitting Trauma
	Clinical presentation The patient complains of aching and tiredness of legs Lower extremity swelling Hyperpigmentation Stasis ulcers Dry rough skin
	Pathophysiology Venous wall or valves damaged and are not working effectively Damage causes blood to pool in lower extremities. Inadequate venous return causes a lack of return of blood to the heart due to weakened walls and valves Inadequate circulation can lead to the inability of the circulation of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes that can result in necrosis
	Diagnosis Physical exam and thorough history Careful inspection and palpation of lower extremities Doppler used to determine pulses if nonpalpable Vascular ultrasound
	Treatment Noninvasive treatment: a) Elevate lower extremities b) Compression stockings c) Physical exercise Invasive treatment: a) Sclerotherapy or surgical ligation b) Vein resection c) Vein Stripping

2. Mind map of deep venous thrombosis

Deep venous thrombosis	Epidemiology Thrombus forms when blood flow is impeded.Caused by Venous stasis Hypercoagulable blood Injury to the endothelial surface.
	Clinical presentation The patient complains of legs feeling hot and hurting
	Pathophysiology Obstructs blood flow vessel damage
	Diagnosis Physical exam and thorough history MRI D-dimer Vascular ultrasound
	Treatment Elevate lower extremities Compression stockings Warfarin Heparin