Question

  

In a follow-up to Sperling (1960), researchers were interested in whether a tine delay affected the span of apprehension of adolescents To test this, they conducted a study where participants were recruited to complete a span of apprehension task where they viewed a display of letters and, after the letters disappeared, vere asked to report a subset. All participants were presented with each of two conditions. In the no delay condition, after the letter display was removed, participants were immediately asked to report a subset of letters In the delay condition, after the letter display was removed, a blank screen was presented for 2 seconds before the participant was asked to report a subset of letters. To confirm that the manipulation had the intended effect, after reporting the letters participants vere asked to rate their confidence that they had provided the correct letters (higher ratings indicating higher confidence). The impact of a delay on the span of apprehension was assessed by measuring the total number of letters correctly recalled: more letters recalled indicated greater span of apprehension The results of the research study were as follows. The measured dependent variable for each level of the independent variable is presented in the table below. Table 1. Descriptive statistics for dependent variable level nmeansdmedian no-delay03.028 0-437 3.058 delay 20 2.004 0.311 1.977 The observed interitem reliability coefficient for the dependent variable was: Cronbach's alpha-0.372 The results of a t-test comparing the measured dependent variable across each level of the independent variable (alpha 0.05) is presented in the table below Table 2. Statistical test results t-score d p-value cohen'sd 9.796 19 <0.001 2.699 The measured manipulation check variable across each level of the independent variable is presented in the table below. Table 3. Descriptive statistics for manipulation check levelan sd ian

Answer 1

1. Time delay is the independent variable in the study. This was the variable that the experimenter manipulated. The levels were no delay and delay.
2. Span of apprehension is the dependent variable in the study. The was the variable of interest and was studied in terms of how it was affected by independent variable manipulation.
3. This is a within subjects design. It is stated that participants were exposed to each of the experimental conditions.
4. Time delay has no significant impact on the span of apprehension among adolescents.

Please post the other questions separately. As per our answering guidelines we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of the same question.