Question

1) True or False? When a new prevention measure for a disease is developed, both the incidence and prevalence of the disease will decrease over the long term.

2) In 2015, a diagnostic code for Asperger’s disease was added to the ICD-10 (a cookbook for medical disease). Prior to 2010, there was no code to assign for the condition and thus, clinicians were inaccurately diagnosing Asperger’s disease cases with “unspecified autism”. To individuals not aware of this coding scheme, it may appear that there was a huge increase in the incidence of Asperger’s disease in 2016 simply because there was a specific diagnosis code for Asperger’s to assign to the “unspecified autism” cases. What type of time effect is described by this evolution of disease definition?

Age effect

Period effect

Cohort effect

None of the above

3) Which method of data analysis is commonly used to control for demographic characteristics such as age?

Randomization

Standardization

Matching

Restriction

4) The best way to ensure that which type of bias does not occur is to obtain high participation rates among both cases and controls?

Recall bias

Information bias

Self-selection bias

Control-selection bias

5) Although which type of bias can occur in both case-control and retrospective cohort studies, it is typically described in the context of a traditional case-control study with non-diseased controls?

Recall bias

Interviewer bias

Information bias

Selection bias

6) A variable that is a step in the causal chain is referred to as which of the following?

Outlier

Mediator

Confounder

Biomarker

7) A unique advantage of which of the following is that it will control for variables that study investigators are unable to measure?

Matching

Restriction

Randomization

Literature review

8) Which of the following is advantageous when the case series in a case-control study is very small, and therefore other options for controlling confounding do not work well?

Matching

Restriction

Randomization

Literature review

Answer 1

. 1) When a new prevation meanu is deuoloped, people gets awau of the disease and here incidence and prevailame of He 'cliseare deeredues ou long terme. Hence the statemet is TRUE 2) The type of effect dexecibed here is, (6) Period effect. 3) The method commonly ured to combol for demographic characteristics is! U (6) Standardization. 4) "The type of bias weed is ! (b) Information bios.