Question

Extra Credit The properties of the hybrid orbitals (energy, most probable radius, electronegativity, ete.) will be determined by: (1), the properties of the atomie orbitals that the hybrid orbitals contain (2) the contribution that each orbital type makes to the hybrid mixture. Questions: In each case justify your response 1) In which of the following hybrid orbitals will electrons be the highest in energy? 2) In which will the electrons be lowest in energy? sp, spl. sp, sp'd spid (assume all atomie orbitals used in forming the hybrid orbitals are found in the same principle energy level) 3). When forming bonds, using which of the following orbitals is the Catom the most electronegative? sp, sp?, or sp 3). If a hydrogen is orbital overlaps with a hybrid orbital of carbon to form a covalent bond, with which of the following hybrid orbitals will the C-H bond be the shortest and thus the strongest? or will all C-H bonds have the same length and strength? sp, sp, or sp Why? with which of hybrid orbitals will the H-C bond be the longest and thus the weakest? Why? 4). In which of the following molecules will the C-H bond be the shortest and, thus, the strongest? Why? и н н с — с-н НЕС Η b H CHA b d All C-H bonds will be the same length

Answer 1

the relative energies of the hybrid orbitals depend on the % s character .

22.2.2 © The ordu of relative energy of the hybrid Debital is E sp <sp² <sps < sp²d <sp a S elections in sped hybrid oubital will be highest in energy 2 Elections in up hybrid orbital will be lowest in to energy as it is closest to nucleus. © Electronegativity of a %3-character of hybridised oltital shybuid orbital % J- character 50%. . 33: 3% Init 25%.: Da LL catom 22222 Hence will be most electionegative when bonds are formed by sp hybrid orbitals. LLLLLLLL I hybrid H- bond with Is-orbital ouerlapping sp sp² esp Orbital as shown 4-CEC-H sp of c + is of 4 spe of c t is of is of 4 1 - + C - C spe of c Out of these 3 C-H bond length will be shortest in sp hybrid oubital overlapping with Is oubital of u in case I.i.ee alkyne. | Now bond length & - bond strength - smao shortest bond length in sp indicates strongest bond. The longest C-H bond length will be in case of hybridised delital & thus the weakest. -- sp -------- - n-C=cn Shortest c-H bond : in © strongest c-u bond : in@ Reason: As explained above H-CEC -C: Isol Hybridisation : spe 1 I As the order of energy is spa sp² <spe sp is closest to nucleus, i will stabilize the ve charge on carbon to largest extent. Ha most stable carbanion is 1 © tronger base is that which donate its election hair more easily Now, if the energy of the hybrid oubital containing lone hair is more, it will be farther away from a nucleus, hence d. pair will be easily donated & it will be a stronger base. ... The basicily order is H-CENO < ^C= - MNO Shyroidisaties '? op UN is the strongest base out of 3 ( because sps has highest energy)