Question

1. List all the controllable risk factors for coronary heart disease (i.e. smoking) AND explain why they are so dangerous to our hearts.

2.List the uncontrollable risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease (i.e. age).

3. Define the following items: Angina Pectoris Ischemia Atherosclerosis Tachycardia Bradycardia Arrhythmia Thrombus Embolus Aneurysm

4. Explain the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and to the lungs.

5. What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack?

6. Explain the roles and differences between the three blood vessels arteries, veins, and capillaries.

7. Explain normal resting blood pressure ranges for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

8. List 10 behaviors to decrease a person’s risk of cancer (i.e. use sunscreen).

9. Explain the “ABCD” rules for skin cancer identification.

10. Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumors.

Answer 1

1)

Controllable risk factors include:

• Smoking.
• High LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol.
• Uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Physical inactivity.
• Obesity (more than 20% over one's ideal body weight)
• Uncontrolled diabetes.
• High C-reactive protein.
• Uncontrolled stress and anger.

when cholesterol level is increasing the heart it will result in accumilation in the ventricle and artery as result the blood pressure will increase due to shortning of wall more force is required for blood flow in the heart.

2)

AGE

GENDER

RACE AND ETHNICITY

FAMILY HISTORY

PREVIOUS STROKE

FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA (FMD)

PATENT FORAMEN OVALE (PFO)

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)

3)Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is the sensation of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often due to ischemia of theheart muscle from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries

Ischemia means a "reduced blood supply". Ischemic Vascular Disease (IVD) is where a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside blood vessels, and restricts the normal flow of blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis

Supraventricular arrhythmias occur in the area above the ventricles, usually in the upper chambers of the heart, called the atria. The irregular beats can either be too slow (bradycardia) or too fast (tachycardia). Bradycardia.Bradycardia is a very slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute.

Arrhythmia abnormal heartbeat

There are three types of ISCHEMIC strokes: Thrombotic strokes are caused by a blood clot (thrombus) in an artery going to the brain. Embolic strokes occur when a clot that's formed elsewhere (usually in the heart or neck arteries) travels in the blood stream and clogs a blood vessel in or leading to the brain.

aneurism is a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel. Aneurysms can occur in any blood vessel, with examples including aneurysms of the Circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, andabdominal aortic aneurysms.

4)

1. The path of blood through the heart begins with the right atrium receiving blood, which has circulated through most of the body. This blood is relatively low in oxygen because most of it has already been delivered to different organs and tissues.
2. This blood is also relatively high in carbon dioxide, which is a product of metabolism in the tissues. Blood is delivered back to the right side of the heart by the large vein called the vena cava.
3. The right atrium empties the blood into the ventricleafter passing through the tricuspid valve.
4. The muscular right ventricle pumps the blood into your lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary arteries.
5. It is in the lungs that gas exchange takes place. Here, the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) will absorb carbon dioxide which then is replaced with oxygen.
6. Oxygenated blood flows back to the heart through the pulmonary vein, back into your left atrium.
7. From the atrium, oxygen-rich blood empties into the left ventricle through another valve (mitral valve).
8. The left ventricle is a powerful muscle that contracts to pump blood into the systemic circulation. Blood passes through the aortic valve and into the aortic arch, which gives off several branches that distribute blood to all parts of your body. These branches include:

• The carotid artery, which delivers blood to your brain
• The auxiliary arteries, which delivers blood to your upper extremities
• The descending aorta, which delivers blood to the lower parts of the body.

1. As blood is delivered to the organs and tissues, it passes through smaller blood vessels called capillaries, where it can easily distribute nutrients and oxygen, while removing wastes and carbon dioxide from the tissues.
2. Deoxygenated blood returns to the veins, to be brought back to the heart.
3. The path of blood through the heart is repeated, and blood is pumped to the body continuously.

5)

Classic Heart Attack Symptoms Nausea, or Anxiety vomiting "Crushing" hest pain Sweating Difficulty breathing Pallor (pale skin)

6)

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the main artery is the aorta.
• Smaller arteries called arterioles diverge into capillary beds, which contain 10-100 capillaries that branch among the cells and tissues of the body.
• Capillaries carry blood away from the body and exchange nutrients, waste, and oxygen with tissues at the cellular level.
• Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart and drain blood from organs and limbs.
• Capillaries have one layer of cells (the endothelial tunic or tunica intima) where diffusion and exchange of materials takes place.
• Veins and arteries have two more tunics that surround the endothelium: the middle tunica media is composed of smooth muscle that regulates blood flow, while the outer tunica externa is connective tissue that supports blood vessels.
• 
  

7)The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart rests between beats. If the measurement reads 120 systolic and 8 0diastolic, you would say "120 over 80" or write "120/80 mmHg."

8)1) eat more vegetables,2) eat less meet, 3)use sunscreens, 4) daily exercise, 5) reduce alchol use 6) reduce smooking 7) maintain healthy diet 8) get regular checks so that cancer can be prevented in early stages 9) drink lot of water 10) loose weight if your obese

9)ABCDE rule: Asymmetry (one half of the mole doesn't match the other), Border irregularity, Color that is not uniform, Diameter greater than 6 mm — (about the size of a pencil eraser), and Evolving size, shape or color.

10) benign which are localized to certain area and doesnot spred not lethal ,and malignant tumors which can easily spread to other parts of the body cancerous