Question

Which of the two micrographs shown below is from the red onion epidermis cells before and which one is after the plasmolysis? Please label accordingly. Next, please label the cytoplasm and the nucleus on both images. To observe the plasmolysis with the red onion epidermis cells shown above, the specimen should be treated with a _______ (hypertonic or hypotonic) solution. What is meant by the terms hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic ? Explain the expected results when animal cell is placed in a hypotonic.

Answer 1

Hypertonic: It is a condition of a fluid or solution when it is having higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid/solution. eg: Body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Hypertonic comes from the Greek "hyper," meaning over, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypertonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell.

If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a result, water inside the cell will flow outwards to attain equilibrium, causing the cell to shrink. As cells lose water, they lose the ability to function or divide. Hypertonic environments such as concentrated brines or syrups have been used since antiquity for food preservation because microbial cells that would otherwise cause spoilage are dehydrated in these very hypertonic environments and are unable to function.

Hypotonic: It is a condition of a fluid or solution when it is having  a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid/solution. eg: Body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Hypotonic comes from the Greek "hypo," meaning under, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypotonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell.

If concentrations of dissolved solutes are less outside the cell than inside, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly greater. When a cell is exposed to such hypotonic conditions, there is net water movement into the cell. Cells without walls will swell and may burst (lyse) if excess water is not removed from the cell. Cells with walls often benefit from the turgor pressure that develops in hypotonic environments.

Isotonic: When two environments are isotonic, the total molar concentration of dissolved solutes is the same in both of them.

When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell. A 0.9% solution of NaCl (saline) is isotonic to animal cells. When exposing animal tissues to solutions, it is common to use an isotonic solution such as Ringer's buffered saline so as to prevent osmotic effects and consequent damage to cells.

Note: Water moves readily across cell membranes through special protein-lined channels, and if the total concentration of all dissolved solutes is not equal on both sides, there will be net movement of water molecules into or out of the cell. Whether there is net movement of water into or out of the cell and which direction it moves depends on whether the cell’s environment is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.

Isotonic solutiorn Hypotonic solutiono Hupertonic solution 0