Question

1)What hormones are secreted along the digestive system and their actions.

2)What is the major cation in the extracellular fluid? And the intracellular fluid? what is the extracellular fluid? And Intracellular fluid?
3)Which vitamin is required for proper bone growth and development?
4)Which vitamin is required for proper Calcium homeostasis?

Anatomy of the urinary system
5)What is the sequence of the urine passage via the urinary structures from the nephron to the urethra?
6)Anatomy of the renal corpuscle?
7)What hormone is very likely to be detected in the urine in the pregnancy test?
8)What is the normal urine composition?
9)What are the effects of the hormone testosterone?
10)Define Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion
11)What hormones affect the electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, Ca++) and water reabsorption by
12)the renal tubules and their effects?
13)What is the major hormone that regulates water loss?

Answer 1

1) Hormones secreted along the digestive system are Motilin , Gastrin , Secretin....Motilin is a polypeptide homone that has a role in production of migratory motor complex and it was produced from small intestine.

Gastrin is a hormone which increases the production of acid secretion in the stomach...this was produced by G-cells in antrum of stomach.

Secretin is a peptide hormone which was secreted by S-cells of duodenum which helps in increasing pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

2)Major cation in extra cellular fluid is sodium ion....major cation in intra cellular fluid is potassium ion...ECF is one of the body component which represents the total body fluid out side the cells.....ICF is also one of the body component which indicates the total body fluid inside the cells.

3)Vitamin-D is required for proper bone growth & development.

4)Vitamin-d is required for proper calcium homeostasis

5)Glomerular capillaries , bowmans capsule , proximal convoluted tubule , descending limb of loop of henle , ascending limb of loop of henle , distal convoluted tubule , cortical collecting duct , medullary collecting duct , collecting duct , renal pelvis , ureter , urinary bladder , urethra.

6)Renal corpuscule contains 2 type of structures bowmans cup and glomerular capillaries...bowmans cup is a cup like strcture this cup has a tuft of capillaries formed between afferent & efferent arteries which was called as glomerular capillaries.

7)In urine pregnancy test we check for Human chorionic gonadotropin....HCG..

8)Normal urine is composed of Large amounts of water , urea , creatine , electrolytes like sodium , hydrogen , bicarbonate..

9)Testosterone is the main sex hormone found in men...it is also a type of anabolic steroid....it helps in developing male secondary sexual characters like growth of testes & external genitilia , growth of pubic hair , deepening of voice , building of body musculature....

10)Glomerular filtration is defined as the the amount of blood that passes through the glomerulus that have filtered into bowmans capsule....Tubular reabsorption is the process that electrolytes and solutes are reabsorbed into the blood based on their concentration gradient....Tubular secretion indicates the addition of new substance to the filtrate in the loop of henley or any other structures...

11)Calcium reabsorption was regulated by Paratharmone PTH.....water and electrolytes reabsorption are regulated by ALDOSTERONE.....water reabsorption is also regulated by Anti diuretic hormone..

12)Renal tubules are proximal convoluted tubule & distal convoluted tubule....these tubules absorb the electrolytes and solutes from the filtrate and helps in regulating the equilibrium and conceentration of urine.

13)Anti diuretic hormone...regulats water loss....this hormone acts on collecting tubules to reabsorb water.