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CrO3 CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2COH CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 A problem often encountered in the oxidation of primary alcohols is that...
Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing...
Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions IIn CH3 CH3 :0% H2O CH HaC CH3 H3C CH3
Alkenes can be hydrated via the addition of borane to yield alcohols with non-Markovnikov regiochemistry
Alkenes can be hydrated via the addition of borane to yield alcohols with non-Markovnikov regiochemistry. The boron atom is an electrophile and thus follows Markovnikov's rule in adding to the carbon containing the most hydrogens. Oxidation of the alkylborane with basic peroxide yields the product alcohol. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Alkenes can be hydrated via the addition of borane to yield alcohols with non-Markovnikov regiochemistry. The boron atom is an electrophile...
OH H+ CH3 H3C OH Esters can be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution between...
OH H+ CH3 H3C OH Esters can be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; this process is called the Fischer esterification reaction. Because the alcohol oxygen is a poor nucleophile, the carbonyl carbon is made a better electrophile by protonation of the carbonyl oxygen. The steps of the synthesis are all reversible. The reaction is generally driven to completion by using an excess of the liquid alcohol as a solvent, or by...
Tulung ate n illud aludke place in a single step. In the Sn2 reaction, the nucleophile...
Tulung ate n illud aludke place in a single step. In the Sn2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the a-carbon from the backside and displaces the leaving group with an inversion of configuration occurring at the carbon. In the E2 elimination reaction, strong base removes an acidic hydrogen from the B-carbon and an alkene is formed as the leaving group is expelled from the a-carbon. This elimination follows Zaitsey's rule whereby the more substituted alkene is generally formed. In E2 elimination,...
please be clear in drawings to show where areas are coming from and what theyre pointing...
please be clear in drawings to show where areas are coming from and
what theyre pointing to
[Review Topical [References] Electrophilic addition of bromine, Bry, to alkenes yields a 1,2-dibromoalkane. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as a bromonium ion. The reaction occurs in an anhydrous solvent such as CH CI, In the second step of the reaction, bromide is the nucleophile and attacks at one of the carbons of the bromonium ion to yield the product. Due...
H CH3 1. LDA 2. CHal НН H3C CN H3C CN Monocarbonyl compounds can be alkylated...
H CH3 1. LDA 2. CHal НН H3C CN H3C CN Monocarbonyl compounds can be alkylated at the a position via the use of lithium disopropylamide, a strong, sterically hindered base Because only one carbonyl group is available to participate in resonance stabilization of the enolate, the a-hydrogens are less acidic than those of P-dicarbonyl compounds and so a stronger base is necessary to completely convert the compound to the enolate. The reaction occurs in a pola aprotic solvent such...
2 problems REVIEW Topics [References) CH HC OCH Br2 CH3 B H3C CH,OH H₂C CH₂ Electrophilic...
2 problems
REVIEW Topics [References) CH HC OCH Br2 CH3 B H3C CH,OH H₂C CH₂ Electrophilic addition of hypohalous acids to alkenes yields a 1,2-haloalcohol called a halohydrin. Halohydrin formation, however, does not result from the addition of HOBr, for example. Instead the addition is done indirectly by reaction of the alkene with Br, in the presence of water. The reaction also works with Cl2 to give chlorohydrins instead of bromohydrins. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as...
2 problems (Review Topical (References Br н,слен . CH2Cl2 Electrophilic addition of bromine, Bry, to alkenes...
2 problems
(Review Topical (References Br н,слен . CH2Cl2 Electrophilic addition of bromine, Bry, to alkenes yields a 1,2 dibromoalkane. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as a bromonium ion. The reaction occurs in an anhydrous solvent such as CH CI In the second step of the reaction, bromide is the nucleophile and attacks at one of the carbons of the bromonium ion to yield the product Due to stenc clashes, the bromide ion always attacks the carbon...
The acetoacetic ester synthesis is a carbonyl alkylation reaction. It is used to prepare methyl ketones...
The acetoacetic ester synthesis is a carbonyl alkylation reaction. It is used to prepare methyl ketones from primary alkyl halides, lengthening the carbon chain by three atoms. Thus, the product can be visualized as being a "substituted acetone." The reaction consists of three steps: generation of the enolate anion followed by S2 reaction with a primary alkyl halide, ester hydrolysis under acid conditions, and decarboxylation. 1. NaOEt 2. H2O* 3. heat Br + - H₃C + CO2 + ETOH Hc...
2 problems 1. Hg(OAC)2, H20 2. NaBHg CH3 H3C H₃C Acid-catalyzed addition of water to an...
2
problems
1. Hg(OAC)2, H20 2. NaBHg CH3 H3C H₃C Acid-catalyzed addition of water to an alkene yields an alcohol with Markovnikov regiochemistry. The electrophilic add carbon with the most hydrogens to yield the most stable carbocation intermediate, which then adds water to give the produc Because a carbocation intermediate is formed, rearrangements can occur prior to the addition of water. To avoid the possibility of rearrangement and still give a Markovnikov alcohol, alkenes can instead be treated with mercury...
Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions IIn CH3 CH3 :0% H2O CH HaC CH3 H3C CH3
OH H+ CH3 H3C OH Esters can be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; this process is called the Fischer esterification reaction. Because the alcohol oxygen is a poor nucleophile, the carbonyl carbon is made a better electrophile by protonation of the carbonyl oxygen. The steps of the synthesis are all reversible. The reaction is generally driven to completion by using an excess of the liquid alcohol as a solvent, or by...
Tulung ate n illud aludke place in a single step. In the Sn2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the a-carbon from the backside and displaces the leaving group with an inversion of configuration occurring at the carbon. In the E2 elimination reaction, strong base removes an acidic hydrogen from the B-carbon and an alkene is formed as the leaving group is expelled from the a-carbon. This elimination follows Zaitsey's rule whereby the more substituted alkene is generally formed. In E2 elimination,...
please be clear in drawings to show where areas are coming from and
what theyre pointing to
[Review Topical [References] Electrophilic addition of bromine, Bry, to alkenes yields a 1,2-dibromoalkane. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as a bromonium ion. The reaction occurs in an anhydrous solvent such as CH CI, In the second step of the reaction, bromide is the nucleophile and attacks at one of the carbons of the bromonium ion to yield the product. Due...
H CH3 1. LDA 2. CHal НН H3C CN H3C CN Monocarbonyl compounds can be alkylated at the a position via the use of lithium disopropylamide, a strong, sterically hindered base Because only one carbonyl group is available to participate in resonance stabilization of the enolate, the a-hydrogens are less acidic than those of P-dicarbonyl compounds and so a stronger base is necessary to completely convert the compound to the enolate. The reaction occurs in a pola aprotic solvent such...
2 problems
REVIEW Topics [References) CH HC OCH Br2 CH3 B H3C CH,OH H₂C CH₂ Electrophilic addition of hypohalous acids to alkenes yields a 1,2-haloalcohol called a halohydrin. Halohydrin formation, however, does not result from the addition of HOBr, for example. Instead the addition is done indirectly by reaction of the alkene with Br, in the presence of water. The reaction also works with Cl2 to give chlorohydrins instead of bromohydrins. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as...
2 problems
(Review Topical (References Br н,слен . CH2Cl2 Electrophilic addition of bromine, Bry, to alkenes yields a 1,2 dibromoalkane. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as a bromonium ion. The reaction occurs in an anhydrous solvent such as CH CI In the second step of the reaction, bromide is the nucleophile and attacks at one of the carbons of the bromonium ion to yield the product Due to stenc clashes, the bromide ion always attacks the carbon...
The acetoacetic ester synthesis is a carbonyl alkylation reaction. It is used to prepare methyl ketones from primary alkyl halides, lengthening the carbon chain by three atoms. Thus, the product can be visualized as being a "substituted acetone." The reaction consists of three steps: generation of the enolate anion followed by S2 reaction with a primary alkyl halide, ester hydrolysis under acid conditions, and decarboxylation. 1. NaOEt 2. H2O* 3. heat Br + - H₃C + CO2 + ETOH Hc...
2
problems
1. Hg(OAC)2, H20 2. NaBHg CH3 H3C H₃C Acid-catalyzed addition of water to an alkene yields an alcohol with Markovnikov regiochemistry. The electrophilic add carbon with the most hydrogens to yield the most stable carbocation intermediate, which then adds water to give the produc Because a carbocation intermediate is formed, rearrangements can occur prior to the addition of water. To avoid the possibility of rearrangement and still give a Markovnikov alcohol, alkenes can instead be treated with mercury...
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