Question

b) Give the uses of the each of the polysaccharides below: [4 marks] i. Amylose ii. Cellulose iii. Glycogen iv. Peptidoglycan c) In a lab experiment, Ngosa and Melinda synthesized an artificial polysaccharide containing four glucose units, one galactose unit and one fructose unit. Upon acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with three water molecules, they obtained two disaccharides and two monosaccharide units. If the monosaccharide units obtained were a glucose unit and galactose unit, what were the two other molecules obtained? [2 marks] C3. Lipids нас CH, HEC CH нс HO Figure 1.1 a) Name the molecule shown in Figure 11 above. [1 Mark] b) List four functions of the molecule named in (a) above in the human body. [4 Marks] c) Name two functions of this molecule in the cell plasma membrane. [2 Marks) d) Excess of this molecule in your blood stream can lead to health problems. List any two of these health problems. [2 marks] e) State one way of preventing accumulation of high levels of this molecule in your body.

Answer 1

TE of a water cell walls strong. ana binary fission during bacterial Page 1 Amylose: (Amylase k important in plant energy storage. less readily digested than any lopectin Because helical structure takes less space compaired to amy lo pectin. As aresult e it is the preth preferred starch for storage in plants. (1) Amy lose to also an important thick ener, binder, emulsion stabilizer and gelling agent in both industrial and tood based contexts. Cellulose : & cellulose is the main substance found in plast and helps the plant to remain stiff and (11) Cellulose be is used to make clothes paper. ③ bilyeogen. 6 bilycogen is a multi branched polysaccha- vide of that glucose Serres as a form of energer bacteria. Storage in animals, fungi and (7) bolyeogen stored liver and the muscles and provides the body a readily of available source glucose level decrease. © Peptidoglyeon : 6 peptidogly can serves structura vrole in the bacterial cell call gires structural strength as well as Counteracting the Osmotie pressure of the cytoplasm. is also Peptido glycan duction. in the mainly slowed. with a energy if blood a 2 involved in cell repro

Page 2 othe disaccharides molecules mono saccharide units If the were glucose and two galactose whit. The Were • Suerose and maltose your glucose unit The polysaccharide contains one fructose unit. ana the glycosidie vides monomer units. Here two monomer were are one galactose unit, monosa tehan Hydrolysis of poly saecharides produees and di saccharides by breaking linkage Cether bond) between and or monosaccharide and two disaccharides produced. The monosaccharides glucose se and galactose and disaccharides were formed Sucrose and maltose. Suerose by linking the one molecule molecule fructose. The rest two molecule can of glucose form maltose. Suerose Glucose & fructose malto se. Glucose Gilucose om Que one of glucose and + The @ Nam membranes molecule shown is the pieture Cholesterol) It consists of 4 hydrocarbon sing polar head and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail. Functions of cholesterol in human body 9 Cholesterol is an essential component of cell which structures in the human body. 0 Co cholesterol is also needed manufacture of stevioid - based hormones like o testosterone and progesterone. are the that borders every الع for the sex hormones particularly

Page=3 cholesterol also enables the body to form bile acids, are no needed to help break down fats in the digestive tract so that they com be absorbed into the which body. human + go cholesterol is necess. is any for sucessful homeostasis. una Funetion of cholesterol in the cell plasma membrane- i cholesterol helps to maintain cell membrane Stability fluidity at varying temperature the membrane less permiable to very small water soluble molecules that would otherwise freely It makes cross of vrafts © It function to seperate phospholipid tails and prevent crystallisation of the membrane. It helps to secure peripheral proteins by forming high density lipid capable anchoring the protein. Two be helth problem caused by chlesterol High h level of cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular elevated visk of heart disease a stoke and peripheral vascular disease. 3 High cholesterol also been o linked withe blood pressure. disease such as and diabetes and high e The main risk associated with high cholesterol heart disease. Your blood so nary cholesterol teret has a lot to do If the cholesterol level is builds ap upo the wall of arteries known as an Aur Atherosclerosis. too high it 03

Page - 4 vreduce LDL cholesterol. Polyunsaturated By eating foods enien in paly un satura ted futs can Omega 3 oonega-6- fatty acids . acids. Consuming can reduce LDL cholesterol without affecting [ LDL oa low density lipoprotein and these fat in moderation HDL cholesterol. HDL High h n
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