Question

1. Discuss Nanotechnology's actual and potential interactions with and relations to biology

2. Discuss the structure, functions, replications and origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 1

(1):

Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology andbiology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.

This discipline helps to indicate the merger of biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Concepts that are enhanced through nanobiology include: nanodevices (such as biological machines), nanoparticles, and nanoscale phenomena that occurs within the discipline of nanotechnology. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to imagine and create systems that can be used for biological research. Biologically inspired nanotechnology uses biological systems as the inspirations for technologies not yet created.However, as with nanotechnology and biotechnology, bionanotechnology does have many potential ethical issuesassociated with it.

The most important objectives that are frequently found in nanobiology involve applying nanotools to relevant medical/biological problems and refining these applications. Developing new tools, such as peptoid nanosheets, for medical and biological purposes is another primary objective in nanotechnology. New nanotools are often made by refining the applications of the nanotools that are already being used. The imaging of native biomolecules, biological membranes, and tissues is also a major topic for the nanobiology researchers. Other topics concerning nanobiology include the use of cantilever array sensors and the application of nanophotonicsfor manipulating molecular processes in living cells.

Recently, the use of microorganisms to synthesize functional nanoparticles has been of great interest. Microorganisms can change the oxidation state of metals. These microbial processes have opened up new opportunities for us to explore novel applications, for example, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials. In contrast to chemical and physical methods, microbial processes for synthesizing nanomaterials can be achieved in aqueous phase under gentle and environmentally benign conditions. This approach has become an attractive focus in current green bionanotechnology research towards sustainable development.

(2):structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts:

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Mitochondria Chloroplasts sites of cellular respiration . not part of the endomembrane found only in plants and algae the sites of photosynthesis system not part of the endomembrane system . Mitochondria Structural Features Inner Stroma (aqueous fluid) Outer Inner Membrane Outer Membrane Cristae Matrix Lumen Granum (stack of thylakoids) Lamella nside of thylakoid) Figure 1 Thylakoid
functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts:

Mitochondria are sometimes called the "energy powerhouse of a cell". It breaks down glucose (C6H12O6) to form energy, Carbon dioxide and water.
This process is known as respiration

The chloroplast on the other hand is only found in plants and is the site for photsynthesis where CO2 and water are used to form glucose and Oxygen

Photosynthesis is basically the opposite of respiration

Formula for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Formula for respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --->6CO2 + 6H2O

replications of mitochondria and chloroplasts:

Replication of Arabidopsis nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA (ncDNA, mtDNA, cpDNA) was assayed by measuring respective changes in copies per leaf, employing quantitative PCR (QPCR) analysis with genome-specific primer pairs. All three genomes showed parallel increases during growth of cotyledons and 5th leaves in planta, maintaining approximately 13 mtDNA copies and 280 cpDNA copies per haploid nuclear genome. Detached 5th leaves, which showed good growth and DNA replication on agar plates, were irradiated at (DNA-effective) UV-B fluences of 1.3-5.0 kJ m-2 and incubated under blue (photorepair-active) plus gold light or gold light only. Under blue light, replication of all genomes after all UV fluences was approximately as efficient as replication in unirradiated leaves. UV-irradiated leaves showed little growth under gold light only; 5 kJ m-2 stopped replication of all three genomes, 2.5 kJ m-2 stopped only cpDNA replication, and 1.3 kJ m-2 only delayed cpDNA replication. Immunoassays showed that 5 kJ m-2 induced about 1.2 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 0.1 [6-4]photoproducts per kbp of bulk DNA, and that both photoproducts were completely removed during 2-3 days under blue light, suggesting efficient photorepair of at least ncDNA and cpDNA. The evidence for efficient photorepair of organellar DNA contrasts with previous studies of irradiated 5-day-old seedlings, and with the apparent absence of Arabidopsis photolyases bearing transit peptides.

origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. At some point, a eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, gradually developing into amitochondrion.