Question

1)         Discuss the importance of magnification and resolution in microscopy. How are the magnification and resolution of a light microscope different from that of an electron microscope?

2)         Which microscope would you use to study the following?

            a) the changes in shape of a living human white blood cell

            b) the finest details of the surface texture of a human hair

            c) the detailed structure of an organelle in a liver cell

3)    State the cell theory?

4)         Discuss the relationship between surface area/volume ratio and cell size. (Hint: As a cell increases in size, the _________________ (surface area or volume) increases faster than the ____________ (surface area or volume). The surface area/volume ratio therefore __________________ (increases or decreases).

5)         Discuss the structure and function of the plasma membrane (include the composition). How are the phospholipids and proteins arranged?

6)    Discuss the differences between a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell.

7)         All cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. True/False.

8)         What are the functions of the following structures in prokaryotes? : cell wall, capsule, flagella, and nucleoid

9)    What is the advantage of compartmentalization in eukaryotes?

10)       List the organelles that are involved in the following: a) Genetic control; b) Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of molecules; c) Energy processing; d) structural support, movement, and communication

11)       Discuss the functions of the following components of the cell or organelles: cytoplasm, nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucler pores, chromatin, chromosomes, and nucleolus), smooth ER, rough ER, ribosomes, golgi body, mitochondria, central vacuole, contractile vacuoles, cytoskeleton, centrioles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, transport vesicles, plastids, chloroplasts, and cell wall of an eukaryotic cell. Make sure you can label these structures on a diagram (Fig. 4.4A and Fig 4.4B).

12)       All ribosomes are attached to a membrane. True/False

13)       Which organelles are present in plants but not in animal cells? Which organelles are present in animal but not in plant cells?

14)       What is the relationship between chromosomes and chromatin?

15)       What organelles are included in the endomembrane system?

16)       How do lysosomes protect the cell from harmful bacteria, and also provide the cell with nutrients? (Hint: digestive functions of lysosomes)

17)       In plants vacuoles have digestive functions (similar to that of lysosomes in animal cells), contain pigments or poisons that protect the plant. True/False

18)       Mitochondria, peroxisomes and chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system. True/False.

19)       Discuss the structure/function of the parts of a mitochondrion.

20)       Discuss the structure/function of the parts of a chloroplast.

21)       How is the chloroplast similar to the mitochondrion?

22)       Mitochondria are present in animal but not plant cells. True/False

23)       Define the following: photosynthesis, cellular respiration, chlorophyll, matrix, stroma, cristae, thylakoids, and granum

24)       Photosynthesis occurs in plants only. True/False

If false, list the other organisms that do photosynthesize.

25)       Most living things depend directly or indirectly on photosynthesis. True/False

26)       Discuss the endosymbiont theory.

27)       Discuss the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

28)       Microfilaments are the thickest cytoskeletal fibers. True/False

29)       Discuss the structure and functions of cilia and flagella. Give examples of where these structures can be found.

30)       Cilia and flagella are composed of which of the following fibers?

a) microfilaments b) intermediate filaments c) microtubules.

31)       What is the function of the ECM on animal cell surfaces?

32)       The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM is _____________.

33)       What is the function of integrins?

34)       Discuss the functions of gap junctions, anchoring junctions, tight junctions and plasmodesmata. Which of these junctions are found in plant cells?

35)       What is the function of the plant cell wall? The plant cell wall is composed primarily of cellulose. True/False

36)       Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?

            a) rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, cell membrane

            b) rough ER, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cell membrane

            c) rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, cell membrane

            d) rough ER, transport vesicles, cell membrane

            e) smooth ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane

Answer 1

Discuss the importance of magnification and resolution in microscopy. How are the magnification and resolution of a light microscope different from that of an electron microscope?

Magnification is the power of a microscope to form an enlarged image of an object. It is the ratio of the size of image by size of the object.

Resolving power is the ability of a microscope to form a distinct image of two closely placed objects.

TEMs have a maximum magnification of around ×1,000,000

SEMs are often used at lower magnifications (up to ×30,000).

The maximum magnification of light microscopes is usually ×1500, and their maximum resolution is 200nm

Electron Microscopes can have magnifications of ×500000