Question

Table 2. Results of blood and hemoglobin tests for case study.

Subject	Blood type (phenotype)	Hemoglobin genotype
Mother	A+	HbAS
Baby	A+	HbAA
Male Subject	O-	HbAS

1. Based on your results shown in Table 2, can you exclude the possibility of paternity? Cite the specific results that allow you to make this claim
2. What are ALL of the potential genotypes for each subject based on blood type?
3. Define the difference between genotype and phenotype.

Supplementary Information A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that code for RNA or a protein. Gene I codes for human bloodtypes. There are generally two or more alternative forms of a gene, and these variations are called alleles. In regard to human bloodtypes, there are three possible alleles: A (which codes for A antigens), B (which codes for B antigens), and i (which codes for no antigens). While some alleles can be dominant, which means its presence will determine the phenotype no matter the presence of other alleles, other alleles can be recessive, in which there needs to be a pair of recessive alleles to determine the phenotype. If the alleles are the same, the genotype is considered homozygous, but if they are different, the genotype is heterozygous. Alleles: A = A antigen (dominant) B=B antigen (dominant) i=no antigen (recessive) Antigens are molecules that cause the body to generate antibodies (antigen is derived from the term, antibody generator). There are often two alleles that make up a genotype, the genetic makeup of an individual. The genotype thereby determines the phenotype, or physical characteristics of that individual. While there may be multiple genotypes that determine the same phenotype, this is not the case the other way around. For instance, all individuals with genotype I^I have bloodtype A, but not all bloodtype A have genotype IAIA, some may have bloodtype I^i. Genotype Phenotype 1414 IBIB Homozygous IAIB Heterozygous 14; Bi B If someone has bloodtype IAIA and produces offspring with someone who has bloodtype IAIP, their offspring would have one allele from each parent. There would be two possible genotypes (IAIA and 141B) and two possible phenotypes (bloodtype A or bloodtype AB). Mother IAIA IAIA Father ТАТВ ТАТВ