Question

question 7 and 8

Purpose To examine the properties of polarized light and the mathematical relationship describing the intensity of linearly polarized light (Malus'law). In addition, the lab will investigate different ways light can be polarized Overview This lab is the first of three labs exploring the properties of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. As discussed in the lecture the electric and magnetic field vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other. Light waves are also transverse waves thus the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields. Polarization is a phenomena associated with all electromagnetic radiation. Our familiar interaction with polarization is associated with visible light sources. An ordinary beam of light consists of a substantial number of waves emitted by the atoms from a visible light source. Each atom within a light source produces an electromagnetic wave known as a photon. The orientation of the electric field, E, cormresponds to the direction of vibration in the atom. The direction of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction the E vibrations. The atoms from most natural sources of light (the sun, incandescent, fluorescent) emit electromagnetic waves in all directions. The resulting light we observe is the vector superposition of all these vibrations (along the same plane) from the individual atoms. In this situation the spatial orientation of the E has no preferential direction along the plane and the polarization is defined to be unpolarized. Schematically Figure 1 represents the random orientation at any moment of time of a single E a property of unpolarized light. The drawing indicates that all directions of the E are equally probable along the plane of the page while the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the page Figure 1

Answer 1

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