Question

UNG SHUI SWOIS USC duunal SHIGOS do TIGGUL 1. trace the course taken by electrons during aerobic respiration (e.g., where do the electrons come from, where do they FINALLY end up and everything in between). Which stage of respiration removes electrons from food/fuel molecules? What is the role of electrons in respiration (what are the electrons used for in respiration/3" stage)? 5pts. 2. define chemi-osmosis. What causes it? it occurs in which stage(s) of respiration? What does chemi-osmosis actually do/result in? does chemi-osmosis occur in any process other than respiration (if so, which one)? (5pts) 3. HOW do antimicrobial/control agents work (ie- what are the things that control agents do to bacterial cells in order to achieve "control")? 4pts 4. We are growing bacteria using media containing proteins ONLY. Explain whether the bacteria can meet its needs for other types of organic molecules in this media 3pts. 5. why do you think it is important to stop the adhesion step of pathogenesis? Which bacterial component/structure(s) would you target/block to stop/prevent adhesion? 3pts 6. Explain how the hospital environment contributes to the development of nosocomial infections (3pts) ". what do you think is the most important stage of respiration? Explain. 2pts

Answer 1

1.

Respiration is defined as the migration of oxygen from the external surroundings to the inside of the body, thus being utilized by different body parts. Respiration is also known as the mechanism of breathing, wherein, an organism utilizes oxygen to generate energy and releases waste products in return. There are mainly 3 types of respiration namely : internal respiration, external respiration and cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is further categorized into two types namely aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Internal respiration refers to the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the tissues. External respiration is found in animals who do not have specialized organs for respiration or a complete system of respiration. Here, the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through external skin diffusion. Cellular respiration refers to the respiration that occurs within the cells where energy is utilized by the cells from the nutrients absorbed from food and waste material is released from the body. Aerobic cellular respiration involves oxygen during cellular respiration whereas anaerobic cellular respiration does not involve oxygen during respiration.

Aerobic respiration involves the mechanism of electron transport chain where free oxygen is being used as the final electron upholder of the electron that is removed when glucose is catalyzed. The electron transport chain utilizes a large protein complex, two electron carriers and electrons that are being carried. These electrons are being passed through the membranes via a series of redox reactions. Water and ATP molecules are being generated as the last products of the electron transport chain.

2.

Chemiosmosis refers to transmission of ions through a semi-permeable membrane during cellular respiration. This results in the generation of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through electro-chemical slope. ATP is the most important molecule which is being used in energy synthesis by the cells during respiration. Chemiosmosis is basically a mechanism that is used to generate ATP during cellular respiration.

ATP is generated in the fourth step of cellular respiration which is known as the oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process which involves the oxidation of NADH followed by phosphorylation.

Other than respiration, chemi osmosis also occurs during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process where light energy is converted into chemical energy by the plants. In plants, chemiosmosis occurs in the chloroplast which generates food from the light energy in plants.