Question

1) Explain the core characteristics model.

2) What is Vroom’s expectancy theory?

3) Distinguish between perceived negative inequity and perceived positive inequity.

Answer 1

1) The core characteristics model is basically a theory that intends to demonstrate that a Job or a Task itself acts as a big motivation for employees if it consists of certain core characteristics which will make it interesting and challenging for the employees to perform and commit to. The theory tries to explain that when jobs and tasks align with the interests and personality of an employee and challenge the skills set of employee they automatically become a source of motivation. But if tasks and jobs are repetitive, monotonous then they tend to be seen as boring and dull resulting in reduced motivation. The model presents with certain characteristics important for a job to have in order to enrich it ; which include : skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback making a job versatile.

2) Vroom's expectancy theory :

This theory holds the belief that the behavior of an individual is the outcome of conscious choices made by people among the alternatives available with the intend of maximising benefits or pleasure and minimising loss or pain. Vroom's theory aligns the motivation of an individual with the personality, behavior , knowledge and awareness of person. The degree of motivation is dependent on three important factors:

Expectancy : The belief that a particular level of efforts will lead to a particular level of performance. For example if efforts are increased, the performance output will also increase.

Instrumentality: The belief that studies the connection between performance and outcomes. Increase in performance outputs will result in better output (promotion)  

Valence : The amount and degree of importance which an individual puts on the performance outcomes leads to behavior change. If employee is motivated by bonus then he will not value holiday or leisure time.

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3) The perceived negative inequity refers to the belief of individual as per which he thinks that he is enjoying less benefits in comparison to the benefits enjoyed by other people with whom he compares himself (peers, coworkers,colleagues etc) .In other words it is the perception of an individual to believe that he enjoys inadequate compensation or rewards for his contributive inputs out in job in comparison to others.

While as the perceived positive equity refers to the belief of individual as per which he thinks that he is enjoying more benefits in comparison to the benefits enjoyed by the people with whom he compares his inputs such as peers, colleagues etc. In other words it is the perception of an individual to believe that he enjoys adequate or more compensation or rewards for contributive inputs put in job in comparison to others.

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