What is autophagy? How and under which circumstances is it used by the cell? I believe The reason for autophagy is some kind of recycling, am I right? But why does it occur in infections?
Autophagy is a cellular process that is occurring all the time, but it can be elevated during times of need (see below).
In autophagy, cargo (can be anything - mostly macromolecules but also bacteria/viruses etc) is taken up by a lipid membrane which folds on itself to form an autophagosome, which is like a vesicle but have markers on it that makes it specialized in carrying out autophagy. These autophagosomes are then transported to, and merge with, lysosomes, releasing the cargo into the lysosome to be degraded. The broken down materials are then released back into the cytosol, where other processes can make use of them. That is the "some kind of recycling" you are referring to.
There are two types of autophagy - selective and general. In selective autophagy, receptors on the membrane of the autophagosome specifically selects for ligands (e.g. p62, ndp52 selects for ubiquinylated substrates, which usually marks molecules for degradation). In general autophagy, the uptake into the autophagosome is random.
So, you can think of general autophagy as maintaining a basic level of turnover - to ensure everything in the cell is not worn out; and selective autophagy as a response to specific ligands that needs to be degraded.
By this logic, autophagy activity increases during infection because those infectious agents, once gaining entry into the cell (either through phagocytosis or by forced entry), will need the autophagy machinery to transport it to the lysosome to be degraded. Interestingly, some bacteria actualy hi-jacks this process to ensure its survival in the cell. Here's a good review to get you started if you are interested.
Note that the proteasome also recycles macromolecules, although the things it can recycle is limited by size.
What is autophagy? How and under which circumstances is it used by the cell? I believe...
Ok, let's now think about the circumstances under which attenuation would occur, vs. the scenario that would promote read-through (i.e. attenuation does not occur). Describe what is happening in the figure below, and how this corresponds to levels of tryptophan in the .cell (2 pts). RNA polymerase DNA Completed MKAIFVLKG leader peptide MU096 Ribosome mRNA 5 Attenuator structure Trp codons
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Under certain circumstances, potassium ions ( K+ ) in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is −85.5 mV and the potential outside the cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane? change in potential energy: J Does the potential energy of the potassium ions increase, decrease, or remain the same as the...
Under certain circumstances, potassium ions ( K+ ) in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is −65.5 mV and the potential outside the cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane? change in potential energy: ???J Does the potential energy of the potassium ions increase, decrease, or remain the same as the...
Under certain circumstances, potassium ions in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is -75.5mV and the potential outside he cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane ? orries TxLakehead University-PHYS 1N Net iscms/mod/ficn/view.php?id 429903 Jump to... Winter19-MACKAY > Activities and Due Dates > HW: Electric Potential re: ResourcesGive Up Feedback Attempt...
Under certain circumstances, potassium ions (K") in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is -80.5 mV and the potential outside the cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane? change in potential energy: 1.36 x10 Does the potential energy of the potassium ions increase, decrease, or remain the same as the ions...
Under certain circumstances, potassium ions (K+) in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is-80.5 mV and the potential outside the cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane? change in potential energy: Does the potential energy of the potassium ions increase, decrease, or remain the same as the ions move from the...
Under certain circumstances, potassium ions (K) in a cell will move across the cell membrane from the inside to the outside. The potential inside the cell is -70.5 mV and the potential outside the cell is zero. What is the change in the electrical potential energy of a single potassium ion as it moves across the membrane? change in potential energy: Does the potential energy of the potassium ions increase, decrease, or remain the same as the ions move from...
What are the different types of volumetric glassware and equipment, and the circumstances under which each would be used?