Question

Analyze the causes of productivity and its alteration. Ascertain you include the diverse inputs. How does it relate to competitiveness? How is cost determined?

Answer 1

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Productivity is an average measure of the efficiency of production. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production process, i.e. output per unit of input. When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity. Outputs and inputs are defined in the total productivity measure as their economic values.

Poor supervision

If a group’s productivity is lagging, consider a closer look at the supervisor. Managers sometimes miss the mark by:

• Not being consistent or transparent
• Micromanaging or not giving enough supervision
• Not providing enough time to complete tasks
• Playing favorites

Alteration

• Hourly operator capacity checks
• Conduct R&D for the garment
• Scientific workstation layout
• Reduce line setting time

relation The econometric approach to productivity measurement is only based on observations of volume outputs and inputs. It avoids postulating a relationship between production elasticities and income shares, which may or may not correspond to reality, and indeed puts researchers in a position of testing these relationships. Further possibilities arise with econometric techniques: allowance can be made for adjustment cost (the possibility that changes in factor inputs are increasingly costly the faster they are implemented) and variations in capacity utilisation. Furthermore, it is possible to investigate forms of technical change other than the Hicks-neutral formulation implied by the index number based approach; and there is no a priori requirement to assume constant returns to scale of production functions. The literature about the econometric approach is large, and examples of integrated, general models can be found in Morrison (1986) or Nadiri and Prucha (2001).
All these possibilities come at a cost, however. Fully-fledged models raise complex econometric issues and sometimes put a question mark on the robustness of results. Often, researchers are constrained by the sample size of observations, and have again to revert to a priori restrictions (for example constant returns to scale) to increase the degrees of freedom for estimation. From the point of view of statistical offices concerned with the publication of regular productivity statistics, complex econometric approaches bear little attractiveness because: i) updating involves full re-estimation of (systems of) equations; ii) methodologies are often difficult to communicate to a broad spectrum of users of productivity statistics; and iii) significant data requirements tend to reduce the timeliness of results.