Homework Answers
The alternate pathway of complement system is n innate compnent of the immune system's natural defence against infections.
The alternate complement pathway is one of the three pathways that opsonis and kill pathogen. The pathway is triggered when the C3b protein directly binds a microbe. It can also be triggered by foriegn objects and dead tissues.
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Describe why the alternate complement pathway is activated only when associating with microbial cell surfaces.
7) Describe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4. Chapter Section:...
7) Describe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4. Chapter Section: 26.6 8) Predict the consequence for an individual of a deleterious genetic mutation in the gene for TLR-4. Chapter Section: 26.6 9) Briefly describe how a phagocyte engulfs and ingests a pathogen. Chapter Section: 26.6 10) How is immune memory beneficial to a host organism? Chapter Section: 26.1 11) Briefly describe the effect of deposition of antibody or complement on the surface of a...
Write only cathodic electron accepting half-reactions for Microbial fuel cell: Microbial electrolysis cell: Why are microbial...
Write only cathodic electron accepting half-reactions for Microbial fuel cell: Microbial electrolysis cell: Why are microbial fuel cells of interest to the research community?
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation...
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation pathway b. Classical activation pathway c. Alternate activation pathway d. All of the above can be activated by antibodies. e. None of the above can be activated by antibodies. 2. Which of the following cells are leukocytes? a. NK cells b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. all of the above e, none of the above 3 Which of the following cells are lymphocytes? a. NK...
11. Which of the following complement pathways are activated by recognizing microbial products? a. Alternative and...
11. Which of the following complement pathways are activated by recognizing microbial products? a. Alternative and classical b. Lectin and classical c. Lectin and alternative d. All pathways; lectin, classical and alternative 12. True or False: Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). a. True b. False 13. Which of the following is NOT true about the interferon response? a. Activates innate immune cells b. Increases the expression of MHC class I and antigen presentation by APCs c....
1. Why is complement considered a part of Innate Immunity? Is this the only form of...
1. Why is complement considered a part of Innate Immunity? Is this the only form of immunity it is part of - why or why not? 2. Describe the process of complement activation. 3. Pick one of the possible outcomes complement may have and describe the outcome. 4. Why is more growth seen with the heat-inactivated plates?
1. Why is complement considered a part of Innate Immunity? Is this the only form of...
1. Why is complement considered a part of Innate Immunity? Is this the only form of immunity it is part of - why or why not? 2. Describe the process of complement activation. 3. Pick one of the possible outcomes complement may have and describe the outcome. 4. Why is more growth seen with the heat-inactivated plates? 5. What might it mean if, upon comparing Plate Set 1 (PS1) and Plate Set 2 (PS2) for the soil sample, they differ...
List and describe at least 5 different ways in which genetic diversity in immunoglobulins arise. Describe...
List and describe at least 5 different ways in which genetic diversity in immunoglobulins arise. Describe three ways in which complement acts to protect the host during infection. Identify specific molecules/ convertases and their contributions to the immune response. Complement activation can occur via the classical, alternative or lectin pathway. Identify which pathway you would expect to be activated in a patient that had a seasonal flu shot in October 2019. Streptococcus pneumoniae Influenza virus Escherichia coli Present a scenario...
Enumerating the viable and total cell concentration of a population of a microbial isolate can be...
Enumerating the viable and total cell concentration of a population of a microbial isolate can be a really laborious task for a microbiologist. Especially when a microbiologist studies the same isolate for several years, it often becomes practical to determine the relationship between optical density (OD) and cell concentration. Once this relationship (determined by a standard curve) is determined, the OD of an isolate in a broth can be routinely used to determine the population's concentration. Why must a standard...
2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of the...
2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of these steps indicates the protein is activated after a GTP exchange step? B. (3pts) Which of these proteins can be deactivated by phosphatases? C. (4pts) Describe a mutation that would cause Ras to be permanently "on"? Would this mutation lead to high...
This pathway to complement activation can be initiated by several different signals including the properdin/factor P...
This pathway to complement activation can be initiated by several different signals including the properdin/factor P activation pathway The classical pathway The alternative pathway Lectin pathway All of the above The mechanism that permits Ig to be synthesized in either a membrane-bound or secreted form is: Allelic exclusion Codominant expression The one-turn/two-turn joining rule Differential RNA processing Which of the following allows for recombination in the V(D)J coding regions? IL-2b TdT RAG-½ All of the above Generation of combinatorial diversity...
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation pathway b. Classical activation pathway c. Alternate activation pathway d. All of the above can be activated by antibodies. e. None of the above can be activated by antibodies. 2. Which of the following cells are leukocytes? a. NK cells b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. all of the above e, none of the above 3 Which of the following cells are lymphocytes? a. NK...
2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of these steps indicates the protein is activated after a GTP exchange step? B. (3pts) Which of these proteins can be deactivated by phosphatases? C. (4pts) Describe a mutation that would cause Ras to be permanently "on"? Would this mutation lead to high...
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