Question

11. Which of the following complement pathways are activated by recognizing microbial products? a. Alternative and classical b. Lectin and classical c. Lectin and alternative d. All pathways; lectin, classical and alternative

12. True or False: Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). a. True b. False

13. Which of the following is NOT true about the interferon response? a. Activates innate immune cells b. Increases the expression of MHC class I and antigen presentation by APCs c. Only produced during a viral infection d. Type I interferons are produced in high amounts by plasmacytoid dendritic cells

14. Which type of cell death is inflammatory inducing immune activation with minimal destruction to neighboring cells? a. Apoptosis b. Pyroptosis c. Necrosis d. None of the above

15. Cytokines produced in an inflamed tissue but induce fever by entering the blood stream and effecting neuronal cells are described to have what type of effect? a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Endocrine d. None of the above

16. Which of the following is NOT true about chemokines? a. Form a gradient to direct immune cell trafficking b. Induce effector functions of immune cells c. Bind a receptor with a unique seven transmembrane domain d. Are only produced by immune cells

17. True or False: The systemic cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α only effect immune cells in the body. a. True b. False

18. Which of the following innate immune cell types are important for contributing to tissue repair following an infection by switching from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and producing molecules important for tissue repair? a. Macrophages b. Dendritic cells c. Neutrophils d. NK cells

19. Improper tissue repair can lead to the condition fibrosis, which is defined by ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. Excessive production of connective tissue by fibroblasts b. Formation of scar tissue c. Inhibition of tissue function d. Decreased immune cell function

Answer 1

11. The correct answer is D. There are three pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway, which is triggered directly by the pathogen or indirectly by antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also provides an amplification loop for the other two pathways.

12. This is true. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system. PRRs are germline-encoded host sensors, which detect molecules typical for the pathogens

13. The correct option is C. Type I interferons (IFNs) are produced in direct response to microbial infection and consist of the products of the IFN-α multigene family, which are predominantly synthesized by leukocytes.

14. The correct answer is apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death plays an important role in inflammatory processes and in the resolution of inflammatory reactions.

According to guidelines i can only answer first 4 questions. Please ask for remaining ones in next question