Question

15. Cytokines produced in an inflamed tissue but induce fever by entering the blood stream and effecting neuronal cells are described to have what type of effect? a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Endocrine d. None of the above 1

6. Which of the following is NOT true about chemokines? a. Form a gradient to direct immune cell trafficking b. Induce effector functions of immune cells c. Bind a receptor with a unique seven transmembrane domain d. Are only produced by immune cells

17. True or False: The systemic cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α only effect immune cells in the body. a. True b. False

18. Which of the following innate immune cell types are important for contributing to tissue repair following an infection by switching from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and producing molecules important for tissue repair? a. Macrophages b. Dendritic cells c. Neutrophils d. NK cells

19. Improper tissue repair can lead to the condition fibrosis, which is defined by ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. Excessive production of connective tissue by fibroblasts b. Formation of scar tissue c. Inhibition of tissue function d. Decreased immune cell function

Answer 1

15. Cytokines produced in an inflamed tissue but induce fever by entering the blood stream and effecting neuronal cells are described to have what type of effect? a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Endocrine d. None of the above 1

Answer :- option c endocrine

Explanation -It is a endocrine effect because endocrine activities are those activities of the body in which body secretes complex chemical substances into the blood stream and through it they reach the target organs.

16. Which of the following is NOT true about chemokines? a. Form a gradient to direct immune cell trafficking b. Induce effector functions of immune cells c. Bind a receptor with a unique seven transmembrane domain d. Are only produced by immune cells

Answer: option d

Explanation: chemokines are also produced by cells other than immune cells

17. True or False: The systemic cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α only effect immune cells in the body. a. True b. False

Answer:- False

Explanation- Because cytokines like TNF-α also help in lysis of tumor cells which can be other than immune cell

18. Which of the following innate immune cell types are important for contributing to tissue repair following an infection by switching from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and producing molecules important for tissue repair? a. Macrophages b. Dendritic cells c. Neutrophils d. NK cells

Answer: Macrophages

Explanation After injury, immune cells trigger a phase of acute inflammation that represents the first line of defense against pathogens. Moreover, inflammation and the immune response are critical to drive tissue repair and regeneration. Nevertheless, a sustained inflammation often impairs the healing process and its resolution is necessary to restore homeostasis. Various immune cell types are mobilized following tissue injury including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and Tcells. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to the injury site and promote monocyte recruitment which differentiate into macrophages. While pro-inflammatory macrophages (commonly named M1) maintain inflammation and initiate the first steps of tissue healing, anti-inflammatory macrophages (commonly named M2) contribute to resolve inflammation and promote tissue remodeling.

19. Improper tissue repair can lead to the condition fibrosis, which is defined by ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. Excessive production of connective tissue by fibroblasts b. Formation of scar tissue c. Inhibition of tissue function d. Decreased immune cell function

Answer : D

During fibrosis the immune cell function is not impaired