Question

1.Individuals with peanut allergies can exhibit a variety of symptoms following exposure to the peanut allergen. These symptoms can include a runny nose, skin reactions such as hives, itching in the mouth and throat, digestive problems such as cramps, diarrhea or vomiting, and shortness of breath or wheezing. This variety of symptoms is a result of:

a. Systemic production of inflammatory mediators causing responses in many tissues

b. The simultaneous exposure of skin, oral mucosa, throat, and gastrointestinal tract to an ingested allergen

c. The presence of high concentrations of monomeric IgE in the circulation

d. The high concentrations of histamine present in pre-stored mast cell granules

e. The presence of mast cells with pre-bound IgE in all mucosal tissues

2.The prevention of inflammatory immune responses to inhaled antigens in healthy individuals has mechanisms in common with those that prevent inflammatory immune responses to commensal microbes in the gut. One important component of immune regulation shared by these two situations is:

a. The induction of increased numbers of IFN-g-producing T cells and ILCs in the airway and gastrointestinal epithelium

b. The presence of tissue-resident mast cells that bind IgE through the high affinity IgE receptor

c. The high levels of constitutive IL-10 present in the mucosal surfaces of both the airway and the gastrointestinal tract

d. The important role for CD4 regulatory T cells in suppressing inflammatory immune responses in these tissues

e. The presence of tissue-resident dendritic cells that produce IL-23 when activated

Answer 1

1. Presence of high concentration of monomeric IgE in the circulation . When a person is first exposed to an allergen then it produced high amount of IgE and on subsequent encounter to the same allergen cause IgE to bind to cells and release histamine to cause symptoms .

2. The important role for CD4 regulatory T cells in supressinh inflammatory immune responses in these tissues . T cells produce c-maf that prevents immune system from attacking these tissues .