Question

AS. (5 points). The APOBEC enzyme deaminates cytosine to formuracil in both RNA and DNA. This is part of a natural anti-virus system that our cells use to protect themselves (or, try to). How might the deamination of cytosines help to deactivate present and future copies of virus nucleic acids? A6. (5 points). People who have spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) as a result of SMN1 deletions have much less severe disease if they also have extra copies of SMN2. Why does this make sense? A7. (5 points). Please name TWO essential features of plasmid cloning vectors.

Answer 1

2222222222229922 Vraul is a natural base of RNA but may appear in DNA by two different polfways that including cytosine deamination oled misincorporation of deoxywioline 5'- triphosphate muleotide (dute) dwing DNA replication and constitutes one of the most frequent DNA lesions. In cellular organisms such lesion are faithf Ally . Cleared out through several Universal DNA csatll mechanismo that preventing genome injury. However several recent studies have brought some pieces of evidence that endroduction af vracil base in viral genomec DNA intermediates dwunlop genome replication might wa be a way of innate immune defense against some Leiruses.

I 2 Mostly people have two copies of the small gene and 1-2 copies of the sma gene in each cell. But the number of Copies of the suna gene varies with some people with spinal muscular atrophy, having multiple copies of the USMN 2 gene is usually associated with less severe features of the condition That develop Leter in life. The SMN protein produced by the to SMN 2 gene can help make to up for the protein deficiency To caused by SMN gene Mutatios. 1. 3. plasmid Cloning vectors are P small size S I They are characterized by Orligin of replication. fearelop le proan hell oficiency