Question

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Answer 1

Answer 1:- classification of hormones

Lipid-Derived Hormones:-

Maintain in-body homeostasis involves the cooperation of many different systems and organs. Communication between adjacent cells and the distant parts of the body between cells and tissues occurs by releasing chemicals called hormones. Hormones are released into body fluids (usually blood), which transport these chemicals to their target cells.The hormones elicit a response at the target cells, which are cells that have a signal receptor or a signal cell ligand. The endocrine system is composed of cells, tissues, and organs which secrete hormones.Types of endocrine glands include the adrenal glands that produce hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine that control stress response, and the thyroid gland that produces metabolic-regulating thyroid hormones.

Amino Acid-Hormones :-

Hormones extracted from amino acids are relatively small molecules derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. If a hormone is derived from amino acids, its chemical name ends in –ine. Sources of hormones derived from amino acids include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which is synthesized in the adrenal gland medulla, and thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland. The pineal gland within the brain develops and secretes melatonin that controls the cycles of sleep.

Peptide Hormones:-

The structure of peptide hormones is that of a sequence of amino acids (polypeptides). The peptide hormones include molecules formed in the brain and released into the blood in the posterior pituitary gland that are short polypeptide chains, such as antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. It includes small proteins, such as the pituitary-produced growth hormones, and large glycoproteins such as the pituitary-produced follicle-stimulating hormone.

The receptor for water-soluble proteins will be at the cell's plasma membrane.
A cascade of secondary messengers inside the cell can activate the ligand-bound receptor.
For lipid-soluble hormones, usually the receptor is located within the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus.
Hormone binding enables the receptor to affect transcription within the nucleus, either alone or in combination with other transcription factors.

Answer 2:- The hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus synthesizes and releases the hormone releasing corticotropin (CRH), which in effect regulates the production of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in the anterior pituitary, resulting in the production and secretion of the cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
The anterior pituitary plays important role in several processes of physiology including stress, development, reproduction and lactation. The proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it controls can often be determined by blood tests evaluating hormone levels.
These regulatory functions are accomplished through the secretion of specific peptide hormones acting on target organs including the adrenal gland, liver, bone, thyroid gland and gonads.