Name a signaling pathway that is activated by toll-like receptor recognition of PAMPS that is independent of the pathway leading to INF expression (A) and describe the outcome of activation of this pathway (B).
A) NF- kB signaling pathway
B) NF-kB pathway controlls the expression of an array of cytokine genes by downstream signal activation against host defense.
Explanation:
TLR (Toll like receptor) mainly play major role in the innate immune systems by recognising PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) which derived from different types of microbes. TLR signal by after recruiting different adaptor molecules and avtivate NF-kB signaling pathway. Thus TLR have high contribution in the host defense.
TLR is a PRR (pathogen- recognising receptor) molecule which recognise microbe specific molecular signatures or PAMPs and DAMPs (Damage- associated molecules patterns. PRR (TLR) activate downstream signaling pathway of NF-kB followed by the induction of immune response by the production of IFN (interferon), inflammatory cytokine and other mediators. Host defense against pathogen is takes place by activation of NF-kB by TLR.
Name a signaling pathway that is activated by toll-like receptor recognition of PAMPS that is independent...
Activity 4. Receptor signaling pathway A model of a G protein receptor signaling pathway is represented below. Activation of the signaling pathway results in a cell secreting a neurotransmitter through exocytosis. Activated - Activated adenylyl receptor cyclase GTP АТР CAMP Active G protein Protein- kinase A Inactive Active Protein targets Phosphate group A. Different steps in a signaling pathway can amplify the initial signal of one ligand binding to one receptor. Choose one step in the pathway below that results...
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-Describe...
Pattern recognition receptors(PCRs) are important to activate innate immune responses. Stimulation of this receptor, such as toll-like receptor induces: A. The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes B. Inactivation of NFkB pathway C. The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection D. The activation of complement
Research and describe a cell receptor involved in cell signaling that utilizes one of the following mechanisms. 1. RTK pathway (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Cascade) 2. GPCR (G Protein Coupled Receptor) 3. Ion Channel Receptors 4. Ligand Gated Your summary of the protein receptor must include the following: 1. Name of the receptor and its ligand. 2. A brief description of the pathway (what is activated and how). 3. Name of the pathway it is responsible for activating and what the...
2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of these steps indicates the protein is activated after a GTP exchange step? B. (3pts) Which of these proteins can be deactivated by phosphatases? C. (4pts) Describe a mutation that would cause Ras to be permanently "on"? Would this mutation lead to high...
Diagram 1: Pathway off - No Signal Present Self Renewal Pathway activated by signal binding event activates Question 2 Use the basic signaling diagram (Diagram 1) to answer the following questions: Do you agree with each of these statements? Yes or no, why or why not? A. TK1 activates TK2 by transferring a phosphate from ATP to TK2 B. Before the cell is exposed to signal, TK1 is phosphorylated C. RNA polymerase is phosphorylated by TFa. D. Binding of signal...
A) Draw and describe the Wnt signal transduction pathway i) with and ii) without ligand binding. Follow the molecules from the receptor, all the way into the nucleus. B) Summarize the formation of the dorsal axis in the Xenopus embryo beginning with the oocyte and proceeding through to the late blastula. Indicate where Wnt signaling is and is not activated. C) Explain the changes in gene expression that occur after Wnt activation and how these affect organizer genes and gastrulation....
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Epinephrine signaling , like that of insulin, is a multi-step
pathway with several amplification steps. Identify each of the
steps below as either allosteric activation or enzymatic.
Abbreviations: Epi (epinephrine), β2AR
(β2 adrenergic receptor), R2C2
(subunit composition of protein kinase A where R is the regulatory
subunit and C is the catalytic subunit), PDE (cyclic AMP
phosphodiesterase), PPase (phosphoprotein phosphatase).
One of these is wrong but I don't know which one you can only
choose enzymatic or allosteric as the answer...
Name at least two potential proteins within this pathway that
could be Mutant A.
Explain why.
wt cells Mutant A Mutant B Mitogen 120 KDa | 110 KDa 100 KDa- 65KDa Figure 1: Newly identified MAP kinase signaling pathway mutants exhibit opposite effects. WT, Mutant A, and Mutant B cells were (+), and were not (), exposed to a signaling pathway stimulatory mitogen. Random mutations introduced to CHO cells then downstream S-cyclin expression was monitored to indicated MAP kinase signaling...